Tag: SDR

The crystal test fixture and amp huddle in front of the OLED display:

The schematic:

The 22 pF cap now sits across the relay’s NO contacts, so as to simplify measuring the total in-circuit capacitance. The LED turns on when the relay shorts out the capacitor, which has a 50% probability of making more sense.

The quartz tuning fork resonators have an ESR around 20 or 30 kΩ, so the off-resonance output should be down something like -60 dB = 20 log (24 / 24×10³) from the 150 mV input: 200 µV (-ish). It’s actually around 1 mV, suggesting plenty of blowby through the baling-wire connections hidden under that neat top surface. I think that’s why the whole setup shows only about 8 dB of dynamic range; more attention to detail may be in order, although the peaks probably won’t move all that much.

Anyhow, even though the AD8310 log amp module should be able to handle such a tiny signal, the MAX4255 amp provides 40 dB of gain (OK, just 39.8 dB) and rolls off the high end at 220 kHz as a side benefit of its 22 MHz GBW.

There’s way too much low frequency rumble at the amp output:

What look like grass is actually the 60 kHz resonator output: those big lumps & bumps are noise from this-and-that. The repetitive peaks and dents exactly 10 ms apart (the cursors span four of ’em) felt a lot like OLED refresh cycles and, indeed, went away when I yanked the display out. Pulling the USB connection eliminates another tremendous heap o’ noise, so there’s likely a ground loop (-ish) thing going on, too. This may call for a USB optical isolator, its commercial equivalent, or more eBay offerings. Getting rid of that junk may improve the dynamic range enough to keep me from doing anything drastic.

The AD8310 log amp input now has decent coupling caps, so it’s not seeing the VCC/2 bias, and I removed that kludged-in 50 Ω terminating resistor to present its full 1.1 kΩ input resistance to the op amp.

After adding a MAX4165 buffer amp to drive the crystal test fixture at 1 µW and a MAX4255 to amplify the 1 mV crystal output by 40 dB, then removing the AD8310 log amp module’s 50 Ω terminator to better match the MAX4255’s output drive ability, this happened:

That’s:

• A 32.768 kHz quartz resonator
• A ±2 Hz span centered on 32.766 kHz
• 0.10 Hz frequency steps
• The 22 pF cap out / in circuit (left & right peaks, respectively)
• Log amp output at 24 mV/dBV, with a nominal -108 dBV intercept at 0 V

With a 4 Hz span and 0.1 Hz steps, you get only 41 samples along the X axis: it’s supposed to look spotty.

The 2.2 V response at the top of the left peak corresponds to 2.2 / 24 mV/dBV = 91.7 dBV, then you knock off the -108 dBV intercept to get -16.3 dBV. The valley at 1.88 V is 78.3 – 108 = -29.7 dBV, down about 13 dBV from the corresponding peak. The peak-to-baseline over on the right looks like 200 mV = 8 dBV.

The AD8310 datasheet uses “intercept” in a manner I had not previously encountered. They plot the AD8310 output in volts against the input signal level in dBV, with the “intercept” marking the extrapolated point where the straight line with slope 24 mV/dBV crosses the X axis: the equation is volts = slope*(input dBV – intercept dBV). Back in the day, I learned the intercept was where the line crossed the Y axis at X=0, so the straight-line equation was simply y = slope*x + intercept. Took me a while to figure that out.

Then subtract the 40 dB gain from the crystal output to the log amp to get -56 dbV = 1.6 mV. That’s close enough to the 1 mV before adding the MAX4255. All those numbers seem slightly squishy, but they’re close enough.

The peaks are 13-ish spots apart, which corresponds to 1.3 Hz, which is roughly the 1 Hz I measured with the HP8591 spectrum analyzer. The baseline is down 8 dBV, not quite as much as the analyzer’s 13 dB at 1 Hz offset from the peaks.

What’s not right: the parallel-resonant dip to the right of each peak should be at the same frequency for both traces, because it doesn’t vary with added series capacitance, but it’s pretty much tracking the series-resonant peak frequency.

The amount of noise on the log amp output looks like 50 mV = 2 dBV. That’s a lot, compared to the 13 dBV response, but some judicious averaging may save the day.

The 22 MHz GBW of the MAX4255 rolls off the high end at 220 kHz. I AC coupled the signal chain with 10 µF dipped tantalum caps from my lifetime supply, which may pass entirely too much of the low end; the settling time is way too long. This probably requires smaller caps and maybe an actual bandpass filter.

The 50 mV-ish noise on the DAC output driving the X axis suggests my proto board layout isn’t up to the demands of this circuit: there shouldn’t be any noise in that direction.

Some poking around suggests the OLED display is way noisier than you’d (well, I’d) expect. The faded-out lower section in the picture below suggests it’s refreshing one line = 128 pixels at a time. More study is indicated.

But, if you squint hard enough, this lashup produces numbers in the right ballpark. Given that it’s a collection of cheap-as-dirt eBay modules flying in formation, that’s nothing to sniff at:

Those “gold tone” SMA connectors really make it look like serious RF hardware, don’t they? [grin]

The round twiddlepot floating on the white pillow trims the DDS output voltage by a factor of two = 6 dB. Combined with the 0-6-12-18 dB gain steps provided by the header in front of the MAX4165 (to the right of the pillow), you can set the drive voltage so the crystal gets (roughly) its rated 1 µW maximum drive power.