Category: Software

General-purpose computers doing something specific

Cylindrical Cell Adapters

An octet of Eneloop AAA cells arrived, I wanted to measure their as-delivered charge (the package says “Factory Charged With SOLAR ENERGY”, so you know it’s good), and discovered I’d given away my AAA cell holders. You can actually get inter-series adapters on eBay, but what’s the fun in that? Plus, I didn’t want to delay gratification for a month; you know how it is.

Soooo:

AAA to AA Adapter - top - Slic3r — AAA to AA Adapter – top – Slic3r

It’s basically an AA-size sleeve that fits over the AAA cell, with a lathe-turned brass post conducting juice from the + terminal of the inner cell outward:

AAA to AA Adapter - parts — AAA to AA Adapter – parts

Not much to look at when it’s assembled:

AAA to AA Adapter - assembled — AAA to AA Adapter – assembled

The AAA cell fits deliberately loose, because this goes into a metal clip holding everything firmly in place for the battery tester:

AAA to AA Adapter - in use — AAA to AA Adapter – in use

The source code tabulates the sizes of several cylindrical cells, exactly zero other pairs of which have been tested; I expect most won’t work correctly. In particular, the table entries should include the contact button OD and thickness for each cell, so that I can turn out the proper terminal for each pair of cells. If I ever need a different adapter, I’ll beat some cooperation out of that, too.

Discovered I needed an adapter after breakfast, started testing cells after lunch. Life is good!

The OpenSCAD source code as a GitHub Gist:

	// Cylindrical cell adapters
	// Ed Nisley KE4ZNU April 2017

	//- Extrusion parameters must match reality!

	ThreadThick = 0.25;
	ThreadWidth = 0.40;

	HoleWindage = 0.2;

	Protrusion = 0.1; // make holes end cleanly

	inch = 25.4;

	function IntegerMultiple(Size,Unit) = Unit * ceil(Size / Unit);

	//———————-
	// Dimensions

	OutCell = "AA"; // cell sizes
	InCell = "AAA";

	BottomClear = 3*ThreadThick; // shorten outer shell to allow base protrusion
	Terminal = [3.0,4.0,2.0]; // terminal: OD = nub dia, length = nub thickness

	NAME = 0;
	ID = 0; // for non-cell cylinders
	OD = 1;
	LENGTH = 2;

	Cells = [
	["AAAA",8.3,42.5],
	["AAA",10.5,44.5],
	["AA",14.5,50.5],
	["C",26.2,50],
	["D",34.2,61.5],
	["A23",10.3,28.5],
	["CR123",17.0,34.5],
	["18650",18.6,65.2]
	];

	Outer = search([OutCell],Cells,1,0)[0];
	Inner = search([InCell],Cells,1,0)[0];

	echo(str("Outer cell: ",Cells[Outer][NAME]));
	echo(str("Inner cell: ",Cells[Inner][NAME]));

	echo(str("Wall: ",Cells[Outer][OD] – (Cells[Inner][OD]/cos(180/NumSides) + 2*ThreadWidth)));

	Delta = Cells[Outer][LENGTH] – Cells[Inner][LENGTH];

	echo(str("Terminal OAL: ",Delta));
	echo(str(" … head: ",Terminal[LENGTH]));
	echo(str(" … shaft: ",Delta – Terminal[LENGTH]));

	NumSides = 3*4;

	//———————-
	// Useful routines

	module PolyCyl(Dia,Height,ForceSides=0) { // based on nophead's polyholes

	Sides = (ForceSides != 0) ? ForceSides : (ceil(Dia) + 2);
	FixDia = Dia / cos(180/Sides);
	cylinder(r=(FixDia + HoleWindage)/2,h=Height,$fn=Sides);

	}

	//———————-
	// Construct adapter

	module Adapter() {

	difference() {
	cylinder(d=Cells[Outer][OD],
	h=Cells[Outer][LENGTH] – BottomClear – Terminal[LENGTH],
	$fn=NumSides);

	translate([0,0,Delta – Terminal[LENGTH]])
	PolyCyl(Cells[Inner][OD] + 2*ThreadWidth,
	Cells[Inner][LENGTH] + Protrusion,
	NumSides);

	translate([0,0,-Protrusion])
	PolyCyl(Terminal[ID],
	2*Cells[Outer][LENGTH],
	6);
	}
	}

	//———————-
	// Build it

	Adapter();

view raw Cylindrical Cell Adapters.scad hosted with ❤ by GitHub

The original doodle:

AAA to AA Adapter - sketch — AAA to AA Adapter – sketch

2017-04-24

Patient Sign-In FAIL

We must announce our arrival at the dentist by signing in through a web-based iPad app:

Dentist iPad sign-in – network fail

You’ll note the signal strength indicator in the upper left shows as much RF as one might reasonably expect from a router within line-of-sight across the room.

FWIW, I’m getting really tired of the hipster dark-gray on light-gray design ethos.

2017-04-16
Raspberry Pi Slowdown
At first, the yard camera worked fine, but a few days later the stream of JPEG images would unpredictably stall. I connect to it through a public-key SSH session and, sometimes, the login would stall for tens of seconds and, with a session set up, various exciting operation like, say, htop would unpredictably stall; if I waited long enough, they’d complete normally.

This seemed familiar:

Samsung 16 GB Evo MicroSD card

It’s a known-good card from a reputable supplier, not that that means much these days. The camera flash highlights the gritty silkscreen (?) texture of the orange overlay, but the production value seems high enough to pass muster.

Popping the card in my desktop PC showed:
- It remains functional, at least to the extent of being mount-able and write-able
- 3probe --time-ops /dev/sdb showed it still held 16 GB
- fsck -fv /dev/sdb[12] shows no problems
- Both partitions looked good
So I shrank the main partition to 7.5 GB, copied the image to the desktop PC’s SSD, fired up the Token Windows Laptop, ran the Official SD Card Formatter, and discovered that it thought the card had only 63 MB (yes, MB) available. That’s the size of the FAT boot partition, so I returned the card to the desktop PC, unleashed gparted on it, blew away the partitions, reformatted the whole thing to one 16 GB FAT32 partition, and stuck it back in the laptop, whereupon the Official Formatter agreed it had every byte it should.

A format-with-overwrite then proceeded apace; the card doesn’t support format-with-erase.

Back in the desktop, I copied the saved image back onto the card which, en passant, blew away the just-created FAT format and restored the Raspbian partition structure. The 8 GB of that copy proceeded at an average 12.1 MB/s. I did not watch the transfer closely enough to notice any protracted delays.

Back in the Pi, the card booted and ran perfectly, sending an image every second to the laptop (now running its usual Mint Linux) on the guest network:

Turkey flock in driveway – 2017-03-21

SSH sessions now work perfectly, too, and commands no longer jam.

So it seems a good-quality MicroSD card can experience protracted delays while writing data, to the extent of tens of seconds, stalling the Pi in mid-operation without producing data errors or any other symptoms.

It’s not clear the Official Formatter does anything that simply copying the image back to the card wouldn’t also accomplish, although overwriting the entire 16 GB extent of the card exercises all the cells and forces the card controller to re/de/un/allocate bad blocks. If, indeed, the blocks are bad, rather than just achingly slow.

Moral of the story: Don’t use MicroSD cards as mass storage devices, at least not for industrial applications that require consistent performance.
2017-03-23

Vacuum Tube Lights: Duodecar Rebuild

You’ll recall the LED atop the 21HB5A tube failed, shortly after replacing the bottom LED and rewiring the ersatz plate lead, which led me to rebuild the whole thing with SK6812 RGBW LEDs. So I printed all the plastic parts again, because the duodecar tube socket’s pin circle can fit into a hard drive platter’s unmodified 25 mm hole, then drilled another platter to suit:

The hole under the drill fits the 3.5 mm stereo socket for the ersatz plate lead, so it’s bigger than before.

I’ve switched from Arduino Pro Minis with a separate USB converter to Arduino Nanos with an on-board CH340 USB chip, because the fake FTDI chips on the converters are a continuing aggravation:

21HB5A base - interior — 21HB5A base – interior

Adding those wire slots to the sockets definitely helps tidy things up; the wires no longer need a crude cable tie anchoring them to the socket mounting screws.

I wanted to drive the LEDs from the A7 pin, rather than the A3 pin I’d been using on the Pro Minis, to keep the wires closer together, but it turns out that A6 and A7 can’t become digital output pins. So I used A5, although I may come to regret the backward incompatibility.

In any event, the 21HB5A tube looks spiffy with its new LEDs in full effect:

21HB5A with RBGBW LEDs - cyan violet phase — 21HB5A with RBGBW LEDs – cyan violet phase

I dialed the white LED PWM down to 32, making the colors somewhat pastel, rather than washed-out.

The Arduino source code as a GitHub Gist:

	// Neopixel mood lighting for vacuum tubes
	// Ed Nisley – KE4ANU – June 2016
	// September 2016 – Add Morse library and blinkiness
	// October 2016 – Set random colors at cycle end
	// March 2017 – RGBW SK6812 LEDs

	#include <Adafruit_NeoPixel.h>
	#include <morse.h>
	#include <Entropy.h>

	//———-
	// Pin assignments

	const byte PIN_NEO = A5; // DO – data out to first Neopixel

	const byte PIN_HEARTBEAT = 13; // DO – Arduino LED

	#define PIN_MORSE 12

	//———-
	// Constants

	// number of pixels
	#define PIXELS 2

	// index of the Morse output pixel and how fast it sends
	boolean Send_Morse = false;
	#define PIXEL_MORSE (PIXELS – 1)
	#define MORSE_WPM 10

	// lag between adjacent pixel, degrees of slowest period
	#define PIXELPHASE 45

	// update LEDs only this many ms apart (minus loop() overhead)
	#define UPDATEINTERVAL 50ul
	#define UPDATEMS (UPDATEINTERVAL – 1ul)

	// number of steps per cycle, before applying prime factors
	#define RESOLUTION 500

	//———-
	// Globals

	// instantiate the Neopixel buffer array

	Adafruit_NeoPixel strip = Adafruit_NeoPixel(PIXELS, PIN_NEO, NEO_GRBW + NEO_KHZ800);

	uint32_t FullWhite = strip.Color(255,255,255,255);
	uint32_t FullOff = strip.Color(0,0,0,0);
	uint32_t MorseColor;

	struct pixcolor_t {
	unsigned int Prime;
	unsigned int NumSteps;
	unsigned int Step;
	float StepSize;
	float Phase;
	byte MaxPWM;
	};

	unsigned int PlatterSteps;

	byte PrimeList[] = {3,5,7,13,19,29};

	// colors in each LED
	enum pixcolors {RED, GREEN, BLUE, WHITE, PIXELSIZE};

	struct pixcolor_t Pixels[PIXELSIZE]; // all the data for each pixel color intensity

	uint32_t UniColor;

	unsigned long MillisNow;
	unsigned long MillisThen;

	// Morse code

	char * MorseText = " cq cq cq de ke4znu";

	LEDMorseSender Morse(PIN_MORSE, (float)MORSE_WPM);

	uint8_t PrevMorse, ThisMorse;

	//– Figure PWM based on current state

	byte StepColor(byte Color, float Phi) {

	byte Value;

	Value = (Pixels[Color].MaxPWM / 2.0) * (1.0 + sin(Pixels[Color].Step * Pixels[Color].StepSize + Phi));

	// Value = (Value) ? Value : Pixels[Color].MaxPWM; // flash at dimmest points for debug

	return Value;
	}

	//– Select three unique primes for the color generator function
	// Then compute all the step parameters based on those values

	void SetColorGenerators(void) {

	Pixels[RED].Prime = PrimeList[random(sizeof(PrimeList))];

	do {
	Pixels[GREEN].Prime = PrimeList[random(sizeof(PrimeList))];
	} while (Pixels[RED].Prime == Pixels[GREEN].Prime);

	do {
	Pixels[BLUE].Prime = PrimeList[random(sizeof(PrimeList))];
	} while (Pixels[BLUE].Prime == Pixels[RED].Prime \|\|
	Pixels[BLUE].Prime == Pixels[GREEN].Prime);
	do {
	Pixels[WHITE].Prime = PrimeList[random(sizeof(PrimeList))];
	} while (Pixels[WHITE].Prime == Pixels[RED].Prime \|\|
	Pixels[WHITE].Prime == Pixels[GREEN].Prime \|\|
	Pixels[WHITE].Prime == Pixels[BLUE].Prime);


	printf("Primes: %d %d %d %d\r\n",Pixels[RED].Prime,Pixels[GREEN].Prime,Pixels[BLUE].Prime,Pixels[WHITE].Prime);

	Pixels[RED].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[GREEN].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[BLUE].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[WHITE].MaxPWM = 32;

	unsigned int PhaseSteps = (unsigned int) ((PIXELPHASE / 360.0) *
	RESOLUTION * (unsigned int) max(max(max(Pixels[RED].Prime,Pixels[GREEN].Prime),Pixels[BLUE].Prime),Pixels[WHITE].Prime));
	printf("Pixel phase offset: %d deg = %d steps\r\n",(int)PIXELPHASE,PhaseSteps);


	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) {
	Pixels[c].NumSteps = RESOLUTION * Pixels[c].Prime; // steps per cycle
	Pixels[c].StepSize = TWO_PI / Pixels[c].NumSteps; // radians per step
	Pixels[c].Step = random(Pixels[c].NumSteps); // current step
	Pixels[c].Phase = PhaseSteps * Pixels[c].StepSize;; // phase in radians for this color

	printf(" c: %d Steps: %d Init: %d Phase: %d deg",c,Pixels[c].NumSteps,Pixels[c].Step,(int)(Pixels[c].Phase * 360.0 / TWO_PI));
	printf(" PWM: %d\r\n",Pixels[c].MaxPWM);
	}
	}

	//– Helper routine for printf()

	int s_putc(char c, FILE *t) {
	Serial.write(c);
	}

	//——————
	// Set the mood

	void setup() {

	pinMode(PIN_HEARTBEAT,OUTPUT);
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW); // show we arrived

	Serial.begin(57600);
	fdevopen(&s_putc,0); // set up serial output for printf()

	printf("Vacuum Tube Mood Light – RGBW\r\nEd Nisley – KE4ZNU – March 2017\r\n");

	Entropy.initialize(); // start up entropy collector

	// set up pixels

	strip.begin();
	strip.show();

	// lamp test: a brilliant white flash

	printf("Lamp test: flash white\r\n");

	for (byte i=0; i<5 ; i++) {
	for (int j=0; j < strip.numPixels(); j++) { // fill LEDs with white
	strip.setPixelColor(j,FullWhite);
	}
	strip.show();
	delay(500);

	for (int j=0; j < strip.numPixels(); j++) { // fill LEDs with black
	strip.setPixelColor(j,FullOff);
	}
	strip.show();
	delay(500);
	}

	// get an actual random number

	uint32_t rn = Entropy.random();

	printf("Random seed: %08lx\r\n",rn);
	randomSeed(rn);

	// set up the color generators

	SetColorGenerators();

	// set up Morse generator

	Morse.setup();
	Morse.setMessage(String(MorseText));
	MorseColor = strip.Color(255,random(32,64),random(16),0);

	PrevMorse = ThisMorse = digitalRead(PIN_MORSE);

	printf("Morse enabled: %d at %d wpm color: %08lx\n [%s]\r\n",Send_Morse,MORSE_WPM,MorseColor,MorseText);

	MillisNow = MillisThen = millis();

	}

	//——————
	// Run the mood

	void loop() {

	if (!Morse.continueSending()) {
	printf("Restarting Morse message\r\n");
	Morse.startSending();
	}
	ThisMorse = digitalRead(PIN_MORSE);

	MillisNow = millis();
	if (((MillisNow – MillisThen) >= UPDATEMS) \|\| // time for color change?
	(PrevMorse != ThisMorse)) { // Morse output bit changed?

	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,HIGH);

	if (Send_Morse && ThisMorse) { // if Morse output high, overlay flash
	strip.setPixelColor(PIXEL_MORSE,MorseColor);
	}
	PrevMorse = ThisMorse;
	strip.show(); // send out precomputed colors

	boolean CycleRun = false; // check to see if all cycles have ended
	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) { // compute next increment for each color
	if (++Pixels[c].Step >= Pixels[c].NumSteps) {
	Pixels[c].Step = 0;
	printf("Cycle %d steps %d at %8ld delta %ld ms\r\n",c,Pixels[c].NumSteps,MillisNow,(MillisNow – MillisThen));
	}
	else {
	CycleRun = true; // this color is still cycling
	}
	}

	// If all cycles have completed, reset the color generators

	if (!CycleRun) {
	printf("All cycles ended: setting new color generator values\r\n");
	SetColorGenerators();
	}

	for (int i=0; i < strip.numPixels(); i++) { // for each pixel
	byte Value[PIXELSIZE];
	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) { // … for each color
	Value[c] = (Pixels[c].MaxPWM / 2.0) * (1.0 + sin(Pixels[c].Step * Pixels[c].StepSize – i*Pixels[c].Phase));
	}
	UniColor = strip.Color(Value[RED],Value[GREEN],Value[BLUE],Value[WHITE]);
	strip.setPixelColor(i,UniColor);
	}

	MillisThen = MillisNow;
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW);
	}

	}

view raw TubeMorse.ino hosted with ❤ by GitHub

2017-03-22

Raspberry Pi Yard Camera
The yard camera I mentioned a few days ago consists of a Raspberry Pi 3 with an Official V2 Pi Camera peering through two layers of 1955-era window glass into our back yard:

Back Yard Camera setup – 2017-03-13

Yes, that’s black duct tape holding it to the window pane. The extension cord draped across the floor gotta go, too.

This being a made-in-haste lashup, I used the streamEye MJPEG HTTP streamer, started from /etc/rc.local in the usual way:
```
logger -s Starting camera streamer
sudo -u pi sh -c '/home/pi/yardcam.sh' &
logger -s Camera running
```
The yardcam.sh script feeds one moderate-quality frame to the streamer every second:
```
/home/pi/streameye/extras/raspimjpeg.py -w 1280 -h 720 -r 1 -q 80 | streameye
```
MJPEG has a lot to dislike as a streaming video format. In particular, without any hint of inter-frame compression, the network usage gets way too high for any reasonable frame rate.

But it got the camera up & running in time for the March snowfall:

Fun in Snow – 2017-03-15

In a nod to IoT security, the Raspberry Pi’s wireless interface sits behind the router’s firewall on our guest network, with no access to the devices on our main network. The router passes a one-port peephole from the Internet to the Pi, which protects all the other services from unwarranted attention.

The router maintains a dynamic DNS record with a (not particularly) mnemonic URL, which seems better than an ever-changing dotted-quad IP address.

Because the router doesn’t support hairpin connections from the main network to the guest network, I can’t monitor the video from my desktop through the outwardly visible URL. Instead, I must fire up a laptop, connect to the guest network, then connect directly to the camera at camera.local.

You do not have a Need To Know for the URL; I’m sure it’ll appear on Shodan. I plan to take it down when the snow melts.
2017-03-20

Raspberry Pi Streaming Radio Player: OLED Display

With the OLED wired up to the Raspberry Pi, the LUMA.OLED driver makes it surprisingly easy to slap text on the screen, at least after some obligatory fumbling around:

RPi OLED Display - Plenitude — RPi OLED Display – Plenitude

Connect the hardware, install the driver, then the setup goes like this:

import textwrap

from luma.oled.device import sh1106
from luma.core.serial import spi
from luma.core.render import canvas
from PIL import ImageFont

… snippage …

font1 = ImageFont.truetype('/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf',14)
font2 = ImageFont.truetype('/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSans.ttf',11)

wrapper = textwrap.TextWrapper(width=128//font2.getsize('n')[0])

StatLine = 0
DataLine = 17           # allow for weird ascenders and accent marks
LineSpace = 16

Contrast = 255          # OLED brightness setting

serial = spi(device=0,port=0)
device = sh1106(serial)
device.contrast(Contrast)

The Python Imaging Library below the LUMA driver supports Truetype fonts that look much better than the default fonts. For these tiny displays, DejaVu Sans comes close enough to being a single-stroke (“stick”) font and, being proportional, packs more text into a fixed horizontal space.

The textwrap library chops a string into lines of a specified length, which works great with a fixed-width font and not so well with a proportional font. I set the line length based on the width of a mid-size lowercase letter and hope for the best. In round numbers, each 128 pixel line can hold 20-ish characters of the size-11 (which might be the height in pixels) font.

It also understands hyphens and similar line-ending punctuation:

Felix Mendelssohn-
Bartholdy - Piano
Concerto No.01 in

It turns out whatever library routine blits characters into the bitmap has an off-by-one error that overwrites the leftmost column with the pixel columns that should be just off-screen on the right; it may also overwrite the topmost row with the bottommost row+1. I poked around a bit, couldn’t find the actual code amid the layers of inherited classes and methods and suchlike, and gave up: each line starts in pixel column 1, not 0. With textwrap generally leaving the rightmost character in each line blank, the picket-fence error (almost) always overwrites the first column with dark pixels.

Display coordinates start at (0,0) in the upper left corner, but apparently the character origin corresponds to the box around an uppercase letter, with ascenders and diacritical marks extending (at least) one pixel above that. The blue area in these displays starts at (0,16), but having the ascenders poke into the yellow section is really, really conspicuous, so DataLine Finagles the text down by one pixel. The value of Linespace avoids collisions between descenders and ascenders in successive lines that you (well, I) wouldn’t expect with a spacing equal to the font height.

The display has a variable brightness setting, called “contrast” by the datasheet and driver, that determines the overall LED current (perhaps according to an exponential relationship, because an α appears in the tables). I tweak the value in Contrast based on where the streamer lives, with 1 being perfectly suitable for a dark room and 255 for ordinary lighting.

The LUMA package includes a scrolling terminal emulator. With maybe four lines, tops, on that display (in a reasonable font, anyhow), what’s the point?

Instead, I homebrewed a panel with manual positioning:

def ShowStatus(L1=None,L2=None,L3='None'):
  with canvas(device) as screen:
    screen.text((1,StatLine),Media[CurrentKC][0][0:11],
             font=font1,fill='white')
    screen.text((127-(4*font1.getsize('M')[0] + 2),StatLine),'Mute' if Muted else ' ',
             font=font1,fill='white')

    screen.text((1,DataLine),L1,
             font=font2,fill='white')
    screen.text((1,DataLine + 1*LineSpace),L2,
             font=font2,fill='white')
    screen.text((1,DataLine + 2*LineSpace),L3,
             font=font2,fill='white')

Yeah, those are global variables in the first line; feel free to object-orient it as you like.

The LUMA driver hands you a blank screen inside the with … as …: context, whereupon you may draw as you see fit and the driver squirts the bitmap to the display at the end of the context. There’s apparently a way to set up a permanent canvas and update it at will, but this works well enough for now.

That means you (well, I) must mange those three lines by hand:

ShowStatus('Startup in ' + Location,
           'Mixer: ' + MixerChannel + ' = ' + MixerVol,
           'Contrast: ' + str(Contrast))

Chopping the track info string into lines goes like this:

if TrackName:
  info = wrapper.wrap(TrackName)
  ShowStatus(info[0],
             info[1] if len(info) > 1 else '',
             info[2] if len(info) > 2 else '')
else:
  ShowStatus('No track info','','')

Something along the way ruins Unicode characters from the track info, converting them into unrelated (and generally accented) characters. They work fine when shipped through the logging interface, so it may be due to a font incompatibility or, more likely, my not bothering to work around Python 2’s string vs. byte stream weirdness. Using Python 3 would be a Good Idea, but I’m unsure all the various & sundry libraries are compatible and unwilling to find out using programming as an experimental science.

The Python source code as a GitHub Gist:

	from evdev import InputDevice,ecodes,KeyEvent
	import subprocess32 as subp
	import select
	import re
	import sys
	import time
	import logging
	import logging.handlers
	import os.path
	import argparse as args
	import textwrap

	from luma.oled.device import sh1106
	from luma.core.serial import spi
	from luma.core.render import canvas
	from PIL import ImageFont

	# URL must be last entry in command line list

	Media = {'KEY_KP7' : ['Classical',False,['mplayer','-playlist','http://stream2137.init7.net/listen.pls'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP8' : ['Jazz',False,['mplayer','-playlist','http://stream2138.init7.net/listen.pls'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP9' : ['WMHT',False,['mplayer','http://wmht.streamguys1.com/wmht1'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP4' : ['Classic 1k',True,['mplayer','-playlist','http://listen.radionomy.com/1000classicalhits.m3u'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP5' : ['Love',True,['mplayer','-playlist','/home/pi/Playlists/LoveRadio.m3u']],
	'KEY_KP6' : ['WAMC',False,['mplayer','-playlist','http://playerservices.streamtheworld.com/pls/WAMCFM.pls'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP1' : ['60s',True,['mplayer','-playlist','http://listen.radionomy.com/all60sallthetime-keepfreemusiccom.m3u'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP2' : ['50-70s',True,['mplayer','-playlist','http://listen.radionomy.com/golden-50-70s-hits.m3u'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP3' : ['Soft Rock',True,['mplayer','-playlist','http://listen.radionomy.com/softrockradio.m3u'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KP0' : ['Zen',False,['mplayer','http://iradio.iceca.st:80/zenradio'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KPDOT' : ['Ambient',False,['mplayer','http://185.32.125.42:7331/maschinengeist.org.mp3'%5D%5D,
	'KEY_KPMINUS' : ['Relaxation',True,['mplayer','-playlist','/home/pi/Playlists/Frequences-relaxation.m3u']],
	'KEY_KPPLUS' : ['Plenitude',True,['mplayer','-playlist','/home/pi/Playlists/Radio-PLENITUDE.m3u']]
	}

	# these keycode will be fed directly into mplayer

	Controls = {'KEY_KPSLASH' : '//////',
	'KEY_KPASTERISK' : '******',
	'KEY_VOLUMEUP' : '*',
	'KEY_VOLUMEDOWN' : '/'
	}

	# stream title keywords that trigger muting

	MuteStrings = ['TargetSpot', # common Radionomy insert
	'Intro of','Jingle','bumper', # Radio-PLENITUDE
	'[Unknown]','Advert:','+++','—','SRR','Srr', # softrockradio
	'PEACE LK1','PEACE J1'] # Frequences-relaxation


	# Set up default configuration

	CurrentKC = 'KEY_KP7' # default stream source

	MuteDelay = 6.5 # delay before non-music track; varies with buffering
	UnMuteDelay = 9.0 # delay after non-music track

	MixerChannel = 'PCM' # default amixer output control
	MixerVol = '30' # mixer gain

	RestartDelay = 10 # delay after stream failure

	Contrast = 255 # OLED brightness setting

	# Set up command line parsing

	cmdline = args.ArgumentParser(description='Streaming Radio Player',epilog='KE4ZNU – http://softsolder.com')
	cmdline.add_argument('Loc',help='Location: BR1 BR2 …',default='any',nargs='?')
	args = cmdline.parse_args()

	# Set up logging

	LogFN = '/home/pi/Streamer.log'
	LogFmt = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s: %(message)s')

	LogHandler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(LogFN,backupCount=9)
	LogHandler.setFormatter(LogFmt)

	logger = logging.getLogger('StreamLog')
	logger.addHandler(LogHandler)
	logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

	# Tweak config based on where we are

	Location = vars(args)['Loc'].upper()
	logger.info('Player setup for: ' + Location)

	if Location == 'BR1':
	CurrentKC = 'KEY_KPDOT'
	MixerVol = '5'
	Contrast = 1
	elif Location == 'BR2':
	MuteDelay = 4.5
	UnMuteDelay = 8.5
	MixerVol = '5'
	Contrast = 1
	elif Location == 'LR':
	MixerVol = '40'
	CurrentKC = 'KEY_KPPLUS'

	# set up event inputs and polling objects
	# This requires some udev magic to create the symlinks

	k = InputDevice('/dev/input/keypad')
	k.grab()

	kp = select.poll()
	kp.register(k.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)

	# if volume control knob exists, then set up its events

	VolumeDevice = '/dev/input/volume'

	vp = select.poll()
	if os.path.exists(VolumeDevice):
	logger.info('Volume control device: %s',VolumeDevice)
	v = InputDevice(VolumeDevice)
	v.grab()
	vp.register(v.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)

	# set up file for mplayer output tracing

	lw = open('/home/pi/mp.log','w') # mplayer piped output

	# set the mixer output low enough that the initial audio won't wake the dead

	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,MixerVol])

	if Media[CurrentKC][1]:
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'mute'])
	Muted = True # squelch anything before valid track name
	logger.info('Audio muted at startup')
	else:
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'unmute'])
	Muted = False # allow early audio
	logger.info('Audio unmuted at startup')

	# Set up OLED display

	font1 = ImageFont.truetype('/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf',14)
	font2 = ImageFont.truetype('/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSans.ttf',11)

	wrapper = textwrap.TextWrapper(width=128//font2.getsize('n')[0])

	StatLine = 0
	DataLine = 17 # allow one line for weird ascenders and accent marks
	LineSpace = 16

	serial = spi(device=0,port=0)
	device = sh1106(serial)
	device.contrast(Contrast)

	def ShowStatus(L1=None,L2=None,L3='None'):
	with canvas(device) as screen:
	screen.text((1,StatLine),Media[CurrentKC][0][0:11],
	font=font1,fill='white')
	screen.text((127-(4*font1.getsize('M')[0] + 2),StatLine),'Mute' if Muted else ' ',
	font=font1,fill='white')

	screen.text((1,DataLine),L1,
	font=font2,fill='white')
	screen.text((1,DataLine + 1*LineSpace),L2,
	font=font2,fill='white')
	screen.text((1,DataLine + 2*LineSpace),L3,
	font=font2,fill='white')

	ShowStatus('Startup in ' + Location,
	'Mixer: ' + MixerChannel + ' = ' + MixerVol,
	'Contrast: ' + str(Contrast))

	# Start the player with the default stream, set up for polling

	logger.info('Starting mplayer on %s -> %s',Media[CurrentKC][0],Media[CurrentKC][-1][-1])
	p = subp.Popen(Media[CurrentKC][-1],
	stdin=subp.PIPE,stdout=subp.PIPE,stderr=subp.STDOUT)

	pp = select.poll() # this may be valid for other invocations, but is not pretty
	pp.register(p.stdout.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)

	#——————–
	#— Play the streams

	while True:

	# pluck next line from mplayer and decode it

	if [] != pp.poll(10):
	text = p.stdout.readline()

	if 'Error: ' in text: # something horrible went wrong
	lw.write(text)
	lw.flush()
	logger.info('Unsolvable problem! ' + text)
	logger.info('Exiting')
	LogHandler.doRollover()
	logging.shutdown()
	sys.exit('Exit streamer on mplayer error –' + text)

	if 'ICY Info: ' in text: # these lines may contain track names
	lw.write(text)
	lw.flush()

	trkinfo = text.split(';') # also splits at semicolon embedded in track name
	# logger.info('Raw split line: %s', trkinfo)
	for ln in trkinfo:
	if 'StreamTitle' in ln: # this part probably contains the track name
	NeedMute = False # assume a listenable track
	trkhit = re.search(r"StreamTitle='(.*)'",ln) # extract title if possible
	if trkhit: # regex returned valid result?
	TrackName = trkhit.group(1) # get string between two quotes
	else:
	logger.info('Regex failed for line: [' + ln + ']')
	TrackName = 'Invalid StreamTitle format!'

	logger.info('Track name: [%s]', TrackName)
	if Media[CurrentKC][1] and ( (len(TrackName) == 0) or any(m in TrackName for m in MuteStrings) ) :
	NeedMute = True

	if NeedMute:
	if Media[CurrentKC][1] and not Muted:
	time.sleep(MuteDelay) # brute-force assumption about buffer leadtime
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'mute'])
	Muted = True
	logger.info('Track muted')
	else:
	if Muted:
	if Media[CurrentKC][1]:
	time.sleep(UnMuteDelay) # another brute-force timing assumption
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'unmute'])
	Muted = False
	logger.info('Track unmuted')

	if TrackName:
	info = wrapper.wrap(TrackName)
	ShowStatus(info[0],
	info[1] if len(info) > 1 else '',
	info[2] if len(info) > 2 else '')
	else:
	ShowStatus('No track info','','')

	elif 'Exiting.' in text: # mplayer just imploded
	lw.write(text)
	lw.flush()
	logger.info('EOF or stream cutoff: [' + text + ']')
	ShowStatus('Killing dead Mplayer','','')
	pp.unregister(p.stdout.fileno())
	p.terminate() # p.kill()
	p.wait()
	logger.info('Discarding keys')
	while [] != kp.poll(0):
	kev = k.read
	time.sleep(RestartDelay)
	logger.info('Restarting mplayer')
	ShowStatus('Restarting Mplayer','','')
	p = subp.Popen(Media[CurrentKC][-1],
	stdin=subp.PIPE,stdout=subp.PIPE,stderr=subp.STDOUT)
	pp.register(p.stdout.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)
	logger.info(' … running')
	ShowStatus('Mplayer running','','')


	# accept pending events from volume control knob

	if [] != vp.poll(10):
	vev = v.read()
	lw.write('Volume')
	lw.flush()
	for e in vev:
	if e.type == ecodes.EV_KEY:
	kc = KeyEvent(e).keycode

	if kc in Controls:
	try:
	p.stdin.write(Controls[kc])
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Error sending volume, restarting player: ' + str(e))
	try:
	pp.unregister(p.stdout.fileno())
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Cannot unregister stdout: ' + str(e))
	ShowStatus('Vol error','Restarting',' Mplayer')
	time.sleep(RestartDelay)
	p = subp.Popen(Media[CurrentKC][-1],
	stdin=subp.PIPE,stdout=subp.PIPE,stderr=subp.STDOUT)
	pp.register(p.stdout.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)
	logger.info(' … running')


	# accept pending events from keypad

	if [] != kp.poll(10):
	kev = k.read()
	lw.write('Keypad')
	lw.flush()
	for e in kev:
	if e.type == ecodes.EV_KEY:
	kc = KeyEvent(e).keycode

	if kc == 'KEY_NUMLOCK': # discard these, as we don't care
	continue

	if (kc == 'KEY_BACKSPACE') and (KeyEvent(e).keystate == KeyEvent.key_hold):
	if True:
	logger.info('Shutting down')
	LogHandler.doRollover()
	logging.shutdown()
	p.kill()
	q = subp.call(['sudo','shutdown','-P','now'])
	q.wait()
	time.sleep(5)
	else:
	logger.info('Exiting from main')
	LogHandler.doRollover()
	logging.shutdown()
	sys.exit('Exit on command')
	break

	if KeyEvent(e).keystate != KeyEvent.key_down: # now OK to discard key up & hold
	continue

	if kc == 'KEY_KPENTER': # toggle muted state
	if Muted:
	logger.info('Forcing unmute')
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'unmute'])
	Muted = False
	else:
	logger.info('Forcing mute')
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'mute'])
	Muted = True
	continue

	if kc in Controls:
	logger.info('Control: ' + kc)

	try:
	p.stdin.write(Controls[kc])
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Error sending controls, restarting player: ' + str(e))
	ShowStatus('Ctl error','Restarting',' Mplayer')
	try:
	pp.unregister(p.stdout.fileno())
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Cannot unregister stdout: ' + str(e))
	p.terminate() # p.kill()
	p.wait()
	time.sleep(RestartDelay)
	p = subp.Popen(Media[CurrentKC][-1],
	stdin=subp.PIPE,stdout=subp.PIPE,stderr=subp.STDOUT)
	pp.register(p.stdout.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)
	logger.info(' … running')
	ShowStatus('Mplayer',' running','')

	if kc in Media:
	logger.info('Switching stream: ' + Media[kc][0] + ' -> ' + Media[kc][-1][-1])
	oldname = Media[CurrentKC][0]
	CurrentKC = kc
	ShowStatus('Switching from',oldname,'Halt Mplayer')
	try:
	pp.unregister(p.stdout.fileno())
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Cannot unregister stdout: ' + str(e))
	try:
	p.communicate(input='q')
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Mplayer already dead? ' + str(e))
	try:
	p.terminate() # p.kill()
	p.wait()
	except Exception as e:
	logger.info('Trouble with terminate or wait: ' + str(e))

	if Media[CurrentKC][1]:
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'mute'])
	Muted = True
	logger.info('Audio muted for restart')
	else:
	subp.call(['amixer','-q','sset',MixerChannel,'unmute'])
	Muted = False
	logger.info('Audio unmuted for restart')

	time.sleep(RestartDelay)
	logger.info('Restarting Mplayer')
	p = subp.Popen(Media[CurrentKC][-1],
	stdin=subp.PIPE,stdout=subp.PIPE,stderr=subp.STDOUT)
	pp.register(p.stdout.fileno(),select.POLLIN + select.POLLPRI + select.POLLERR)
	logger.info(' … running')
	ShowStatus('Started Mplayer','','')

view raw Streamer-OLED.py hosted with ❤ by GitHub

2017-03-17

SK2812 RGBW LED: Test Fixture

[Edit: The SK2812 in the title and elsewhere should be SK6812. If I change the title, then all the other links break. So it goes.]

An envelope of RGBW LEDs, allegedly with SK6812 controllers, arrived from halfway around the planet:

SK2812RGBW LEDs - as received — SK2812RGBW LEDs – as received

The yellow phosphor sauce poured atop the blue LED on the left that makes it glow white leaves the upper loop of two wire bonds sticking out, but I can’t fault ’em for that. The overall build quality looks better than the ill-fated WS2812 LEDs, although it’s hard to tell by looking.

I conjured a test stand from the vasty digital deep by tweaking the WS2812 mount:

SK6812 LED Array Test Fixture - Slic3r preview — SK6812 LED Array Test Fixture – Slic3r preview

Wiring up a 5×5 panel went as before:

SK2812RGBW test fixture - rear — SK2812RGBW test fixture – rear

The array test code adds another pixel channel and runs another raised sine wave with another random period, accomplished without much hackage.

With the warm-white LED at full throttle (MaxPWM = 255), the panel tends toward the pallid end of HSV space:

SK2812RGBW test fixture - front - W PWM255 — SK2812RGBW test fixture – front – W PWM255

Dialing the white MaxPWM back to 32 crisps things a bit:

SK2812RGBW test fixture - front - W PWM32 — SK2812RGBW test fixture – front – W PWM32

Of course, the RGBW data stream isn’t compatible with the RGB data stream, so vacuum tubes with SK6812 chips require a slightly different driver and I can’t mix the two chips on a single tube.

The Arduino source code as a GitHub Gist:

	// SK6812 RGBW LED array exerciser
	// Ed Nisley – KE4ANU – February 2017

	#include <Adafruit_NeoPixel.h>

	//———-
	// Pin assignments

	const byte PIN_NEO = A3; // DO – data out to first Neopixel

	const byte PIN_HEARTBEAT = 13; // DO – Arduino LED

	//———-
	// Constants

	#define UPDATEINTERVAL 20ul
	const unsigned long UpdateMS = UPDATEINTERVAL – 1ul; // update LEDs only this many ms apart minus loop() overhead

	// number of steps per cycle, before applying prime factors
	#define RESOLUTION 100

	// phase difference between LEDs for slowest color
	#define BASEPHASE (PI/16.0)

	// LEDs in each row
	#define NUMCOLS 5

	// number of rows
	#define NUMROWS 5

	#define NUMPIXELS (NUMCOLS * NUMROWS)

	#define PINDEX(row,col) (row*NUMCOLS + col)

	//———-
	// Globals

	// instantiate the Neopixel buffer array

	Adafruit_NeoPixel strip = Adafruit_NeoPixel(NUMPIXELS, PIN_NEO, NEO_GRBW + NEO_KHZ800);

	uint32_t FullWhite = strip.Color(255,255,255,255);
	uint32_t FullOff = strip.Color(0,0,0,0);

	struct pixcolor_t {
	byte Prime;
	unsigned int NumSteps;
	unsigned int Step;
	float StepSize;
	float TubePhase;
	byte MaxPWM;
	};

	// colors in each LED
	enum pixcolors {RED, GREEN, BLUE, WHITE, PIXELSIZE};

	struct pixcolor_t Pixels[PIXELSIZE]; // all the data for each pixel color intensity

	unsigned long MillisNow;
	unsigned long MillisThen;

	//– Figure PWM based on current state

	byte StepColor(byte Color, float Phi) {

	byte Value;

	Value = (Pixels[Color].MaxPWM / 2.0) * (1.0 + sin(Pixels[Color].Step * Pixels[Color].StepSize + Phi));

	// Value = (Value) ? Value : Pixels[Color].MaxPWM; // flash at dimmest points
	// printf("C: %d Phi: %d Value: %d\r\n",Color,(int)(Phi*180.0/PI),Value);

	return Value;
	}


	//– Helper routine for printf()

	int s_putc(char c, FILE *t) {
	Serial.write(c);
	}

	//——————
	// Set the mood

	void setup() {

	pinMode(PIN_HEARTBEAT,OUTPUT);
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW); // show we arrived

	Serial.begin(57600);
	fdevopen(&s_putc,0); // set up serial output for printf()

	printf("WS2812 / SK6812 array exerciser\r\nEd Nisley – KE4ZNU – February 2017\r\n");

	/// set up Neopixels

	strip.begin();
	strip.show();

	// lamp test: run a brilliant white dot along the length of the strip

	printf("Lamp test: walking white\r\n");

	strip.setPixelColor(0,FullWhite);
	strip.show();
	delay(250);

	for (int i=1; i<NUMPIXELS; i++) {
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,HIGH);
	strip.setPixelColor(i-1,FullOff);
	strip.setPixelColor(i,FullWhite);
	strip.show();
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW);
	delay(250);
	}

	strip.setPixelColor(NUMPIXELS – 1,FullOff);
	strip.show();
	delay(250);

	// fill the array, row by row

	printf(" … fill\r\n");

	for (int i=NUMROWS-1; i>=0; i–) { // for each row
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,HIGH);
	for (int j=NUMCOLS-1; j>=0 ; j–) {
	strip.setPixelColor(PINDEX(i,j),FullWhite);
	strip.show();
	delay(100);
	}
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW);
	}

	// clear to black, column by column

	printf(" … clear\r\n");

	for (int j=NUMCOLS-1; j>=0; j–) { // for each column
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,HIGH);
	for (int i=NUMROWS-1; i>=0; i–) {
	strip.setPixelColor(PINDEX(i,j),FullOff);
	strip.show();
	delay(100);
	}
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW);
	}

	delay(1000);

	// set up the color generators

	MillisNow = MillisThen = millis();
	printf("First random number: %ld\r\n",random(10));

	Pixels[RED].Prime = 3;
	Pixels[GREEN].Prime = 5;
	Pixels[BLUE].Prime = 7;
	Pixels[WHITE].Prime = 11;
	printf("Primes: (%d,%d,%d,%d)\r\n",
	Pixels[RED].Prime,Pixels[GREEN].Prime,Pixels[BLUE].Prime,Pixels[WHITE].Prime);

	unsigned int PixelSteps = (unsigned int) ((BASEPHASE / TWO_PI) *
	RESOLUTION * (unsigned int) max(max(max(Pixels[RED].Prime,Pixels[GREEN].Prime),Pixels[BLUE].Prime),Pixels[WHITE].Prime));
	printf("Pixel phase offset: %d deg = %d steps\r\n",(int)(BASEPHASE*(360.0/TWO_PI)),PixelSteps);

	Pixels[RED].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[GREEN].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[BLUE].MaxPWM = 255;
	Pixels[WHITE].MaxPWM = 32;

	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) {
	Pixels[c].NumSteps = RESOLUTION * (unsigned int) Pixels[c].Prime;
	Pixels[c].Step = (3*Pixels[c].NumSteps)/4;
	Pixels[c].StepSize = TWO_PI / Pixels[c].NumSteps; // in radians per step
	Pixels[c].TubePhase = PixelSteps * Pixels[c].StepSize; // radians per tube

	printf("c: %d Steps: %5d Init: %5d",c,Pixels[c].NumSteps,Pixels[c].Step);
	printf(" PWM: %3d Phi %3d deg\r\n",Pixels[c].MaxPWM,(int)(Pixels[c].TubePhase*(360.0/TWO_PI)));
	}


	}

	//——————
	// Run the mood

	void loop() {

	MillisNow = millis();
	if ((MillisNow – MillisThen) > UpdateMS) {
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,HIGH);

	unsigned int AllSteps = 0;
	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) { // step to next increment in each color
	if (++Pixels[c].Step >= Pixels[c].NumSteps) {
	Pixels[c].Step = 0;
	printf("Color %d steps %5d at %8ld delta %ld ms\r\n",c,Pixels[c].NumSteps,MillisNow,(MillisNow – MillisThen));
	}
	AllSteps += Pixels[c].Step; // will be zero only when all wrap at once
	}

	if (0 == AllSteps) {
	printf("Grand cycle at: %ld\r\n",MillisNow);
	}

	for (int k=0; k < NUMPIXELS; k++) { // for each pixel
	byte Value[PIXELSIZE];
	for (byte c=0; c < PIXELSIZE; c++) { // … for each color
	Value[c] = StepColor(c,-k*Pixels[c].TubePhase); // figure new PWM value
	// Value[c] = (c == RED && Value[c] == 0) ? Pixels[c].MaxPWM : Value[c]; // flash highlight for tracking
	}
	uint32_t UniColor = strip.Color(Value[RED],Value[GREEN],Value[BLUE],Value[WHITE]);
	strip.setPixelColor(k,UniColor);
	}
	strip.show();

	MillisThen = MillisNow;
	digitalWrite(PIN_HEARTBEAT,LOW);
	}

	}

view raw ArrayTest-RGBW.ino hosted with ❤ by GitHub

2017-03-14

Category: Software

Cylindrical Cell Adapters

Patient Sign-In FAIL

Raspberry Pi Slowdown

Vacuum Tube Lights: Duodecar Rebuild

Raspberry Pi Yard Camera

Raspberry Pi Streaming Radio Player: OLED Display

SK2812 RGBW LED: Test Fixture