The Smell of Molten Projects in the Morning

Ed Nisley's Blog: Shop notes, electronics, firmware, machinery, 3D printing, laser cuttery, and curiosities. Contents: 100% human thinking, 0% AI slop.

Category: Science

If you measure something often enough, it becomes science

  • Monthly Science: Burnett Signal Timing

    Monthly Science: Burnett Signal Timing

    The NYS DOT has been improving the pedestrian crossings at the Burnett – Rt 55 intersection. I expect this will be a bullet item in their Complete Streets compliance document, with favorable job reviews for all parties. The situation for bicyclists using the intersection, which provides the only access from Poughkeepsie to the Dutchess Rail Trail, hasn’t changed in the slightest. No signal timing adjustments, no bike-capable sensor loops, no lane markings, no shoulders, no nothing.

    Here’s what NYS DOT’s Complete Streets program looks like from our perspective, with the four-digit frame numbers ticking along at 60 frame/sec.

    We’re waiting on Overocker Rd for Burnett traffic to clear enough to cross three lanes from a cold start:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 0006
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 0006

    That building over there across Burnett is the NYS DOT Region 8 Headquarters, so we’re not in the hinterlands where nobody ever goes.

    We’re rolling:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 0258
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 0258

    The Burnett signals just turned green, although the cars haven’t started moving yet, and we’re accelerating out of Overocker:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 0463
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 0463

    About 1.5 seconds later, the vehicles have started moving and we’re lining up for the left side of the right-hand lane:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 0752
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 0752

    There’s no traffic behind us, so we can ride a little more to the right than we usually do, in the hopes of triggering the signal’s unmarked sensor loop:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1178
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1178

    We didn’t expect anything different:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1333
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1333

    We’re rolling at about 12 mph and it’s unreasonable to expect us to jam to a stop whenever the signal turns yellow. Oh, did you notice the truck parked in the sidewalk over on the left?

    As usual, 4.3 seconds later, the Burnett signals turn red, so we’re now riding in the “intersection clearing” delay:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1593
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1593

    Two seconds later, the Rt 55 signals turn green:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1711
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1711

    Did you notice all three eastbound lanes of Rt 55 (on our right) were occupied? That means a driver can’t come zipping through without stopping at the green light in their direction.

    One second later, we’re still proceeding through the intersection, clearing the lethally smooth manhole cover by a few inches, and approaching the far side:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1771
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1771

    Here’s what the intersection looks like behind me:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - rear 1
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – rear 1

    Another second goes by and we’re pretty much into the far right lane , with the westbound traffic beginning to move:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1831
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1831

    The pedestrian crossing ladder has fresh new paint. They milled off the old paint while reconstructing the crossing, so the scarred asphalt will deteriorate into potholes after a few freeze-thaw cycles. Not their problem, it seems.

    Although it’s been three seconds since Rt 55 got a green signal, the eastbound drivers remain stunned by our presence:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - rear 2
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – rear 2

    After another second, we’re almost where we need to be:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1891
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1891

    There’s a new concrete sidewalk on the right, with a wheelchair-accessible signal button I can now hit with my elbow when we’re headed in the other direction. It’s worth noting there is no way to reach Overocker by bicycle, other than riding the sidewalk; there’s only one “complete” direction for vehicular cyclists.

    One second later puts us as far to the right as we can get, given all the gravel / debris / deteriorated asphalt along the fog line near the curb:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - front 1957
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – front 1957

    Which is good, because four seconds after the green signal for Rt 55, the pack has overtaken us:

    Burnett Signal - 2020-09-25 - rear 3
    Burnett Signal – 2020-09-25 – rear 3

    If you were the driver of the grayish car in the middle lane, directly behind the black one giving us plenty of room, you might be surprised at the abrupt lane change in front of you. Maybe not, because you had a front-row seat while we went through the intersection.

    Elapsed time from the green signal on Burnett: 25 seconds. My point is that another few seconds of all-red intersection clearing time wouldn’t materially affect anybody’s day and would go a long way toward improving bicycle safety.

    Unlike the pedestrian crossing upgrade, NYS DOT could fix this with zero capital expenditure: one engineer with keys to the control box, a screwdriver or keyboard (depending on the age of the controls), and the ability to do the right thing could fix it before lunch tomorrow.

    But it’s just a typical bike ride on NYS DOT’s Complete Streets, where their planners & designers claim to “promote pedestrian and bicycle travel for all persons.” Maybe that’s true somewhere in NYS DOT’s fantasies, but you’ll find far more evidence from our rides, with plenty of numbers, showing that’s not the case around here.

  • Funnel Web Spiders

    Funnel Web Spiders

    This critter took up residence in our kitchen window:

    Funnel web spider in window
    Funnel web spider in window

    She’s between the outer storm window and the inner sash, having secured her funnel web to both panes across the entire width of the window. We’d opened the storm window to clear an air conditioner vent and spiders know a good location when they see it.

    We know she’s female, because a (smaller) male appeared and conducted negotiations for the better part of an afternoon. After she accepted his offer of a small, somewhat battered, moth, the two hooked up for the rest of the day; we feared for his life, but he hung around until the next afternoon, then departed.

    She normally stays tucked inside the channel running along the edge of the window frame, with only the tips of those two front legs visible, and retreats at the slightest vibration, so we’ll leave her in peace until we must close the storm window.

  • Cicada Time

    Cicada Time

    Even though cicadas are completely harmless, Mary was quite startled to discover one crawling up the back of her garden pants:

    Cicada - left front
    Cicada – left front

    It seems the cicada mistook her for a tree.

    They’re handsome creatures:

    Cicada - left dorsal
    Cicada – left dorsal

    They’re very conspicuous on fabric:

    Cicada - right dorsal
    Cicada – right dorsal

    I teleported it to a maple tree, where it was better camouflaged:

    Cicada - on tree - right
    Cicada – on tree – right

    When last seen, it was headed upward at a pretty good pace. We wished it well on its adventures …

  • Striped Hairstreak Caterpillar

    Striped Hairstreak Caterpillar

    Mary found this gadget gnawing holes in a bean:

    Striped Hairstreak Butterfly - caterpillar
    Striped Hairstreak Butterfly – caterpillar

    The lump on the right is frass, not a mini-me tagging along behind.

    We had no clue what it might be when it grew up, but Google Lens suggested a Striped Hairstreak Butterfly caterpillar and, later that day (and for the first time ever!), we saw an adult Hairstreak fluttering on a goldenrod in the corner of the garden.

    As with all caterpillars, you’d never imagine the adult butterfly. It seems they move their hind wings to make predators aim at the south end of a northbound butterfly …

  • Discrete LM3909 vs. DSO150 Scope

    Discrete LM3909 vs. DSO150 Scope

    Although I’m a big fan of multi-channel scopes and Hall-effect current probes, a dirt-cheap single-trace oscilloscope can get you quite a ways to the goal:

    LM3909 - DSO150 test setup
    LM3909 – DSO150 test setup

    That’s a genuine JYETech DSO150 powered by an 18650 lithium cell and a boost converter set to 9 V. Make sure you get a genuine DSO150 from an authorized seller, rather than one of the myriad knockoffs; it doesn’t cost much more and tends to reward the right folks.

    Anyhow, battery power means you can connect it directly across components to measure what would otherwise be a differential voltage:

    LM3909 - Darl Q1 3x Q2 - 1.5 V - R1 V - DSO150
    LM3909 – Darl Q1 3x Q2 – 1.5 V – R1 V – DSO150

    That’s the voltage across R1, the 39 Ω LED ballast resistor in the discrete LM3909 circuit running from a 1.5 V supply. Divide the 314 mV peak by 39 Ω to get 8 mA of LED current.

    The voltage across C1, the timing and boost capacitor, looks like this:

    LM3909 - Darl Q1 3x Q2 - 1.5 V - C1 V - DSO150
    LM3909 – Darl Q1 3x Q2 – 1.5 V – C1 V – DSO150

    So the cap adds half a volt to the supply in order to put 2.0 V across the LED, which accounts for the relatively low current; the green LED has a forward drop of about 2.2 V at 20 mA and 1.9 V at µA-level current.

    For completeness, the voltage across the LED:

    LM3909 - Darl Q1 3x Q2 - 1.5 V - Green LED V - DSO150
    LM3909 – Darl Q1 3x Q2 – 1.5 V – Green LED V – DSO150

    So, yup, the LED really does see 2.0 V. I love it when the numbers work out.

    Crank the supply to 3 V and see this across R1:

    LM3909 - Darl Q1 3x Q2 - 3.2 V - R1 V - DSO150
    LM3909 – Darl Q1 3x Q2 – 3.2 V – R1 V – DSO150

    The LED current is now 1.23 V / 39 Ω = 33 mA.

    The capacitor just barely enters reverse charge:

    LM3909 - Darl Q1 3x Q2 - 3.2 V - C1 V - DSO150
    LM3909 – Darl Q1 3x Q2 – 3.2 V – C1 V – DSO150

    Pop quiz: what voltage to you expect to see across the LED?

    I’ll leave further investigation to your imagination, but for low-frequency analog work, you can do worse than a DSO150.

  • Monthly Science: Inchworms

    Monthly Science: Inchworms

    A Rudbeckia Black-eyed-susan coneflower from the garden carried a passenger to our patio table:

    Inchworm - linear
    Inchworm – linear

    Even linearized, the inchworm was barely 20 mm long; it’s the thought that counts.

    The stamens mature in concentric rings, each stamen topped by a pollen grain. Apparently, those grains are just about the most wonderful food ever, as the inchworm made its way around the ring eating each grain in succession:

    Inchworm - feeding
    Inchworm – feeding

    Of course, what goes in must come out:

    Inchworm - excreting
    Inchworm – excreting

    I had to brush off the table before washing it; the pellets are dry, but smear when you get them wet.

    Another flower in the vase held a 10 mm inchworm with plenty of upside potential:

    Inchworm - junior edition
    Inchworm – junior edition

    After nearly a week, the flowers were done and the inchworms had moved on. We wish them well, although we likely won’t recognize them in the future.

  • LTSpice Diode Models Sorted By Forward Voltage

    LTSpice includes a bunch of LEDs I’ll never own, so finding a tabulation of their forward voltages helped match them against various LEDs on hand. The table was sorted by the forward voltage at the diode’s rated average current, which wasn’t helpful for my simple needs, so I re-sorted it on the Vf @ If = 20 mA column over on the right:

    Part #       Mfg             Is         N      Iavg Vf@Iavg  Vd@If
    QTLP690C     Fairchild    1.00E-22    1.500    0.16   1.90    1.82
    PT-121-B     Luminous     4.35E-07    8.370   20.00   3.84    2.34
    LUW-W5AP     OSRAM        6.57E-08    7.267    2.00   3.26    2.39
    LXHL-BW02    Lumileds     4.50E-20    2.600    0.40   2.95    2.75
    W5AP-LZMZ-5K Lumileds     3.50E-17    3.120    2.00   3.13    2.76
    LXK2-PW14    Lumileds     3.50E-17    3.120    1.60   3.11    2.76
    AOT-2015     AOT          5.96E-10    6.222    0.18   3.16    2.80
    NSSW008CT-P  Nichia       2.30E-16    3.430    0.04   2.92    2.86
    NSSWS108T    Nichia       1.13E-18    3.020    0.04   2.99    2.94
    NSPW500BS    Nichia       2.70E-10    6.790    0.03   3.27    3.20
    NSCW100      Nichia       1.69E-08    9.626    0.03   3.60    3.50

    The currents come from plugging the various constants into the Schockley Diode Equation and turning the crank.

    One could, of course, measure the constants for the diodes on hand to generate a proper Spice model, but that seems like a lot of work for what’s basically a blinking LED.