The Smell of Molten Projects in the Morning

Ed Nisley's Blog: Shop notes, electronics, firmware, machinery, 3D printing, laser cuttery, and curiosities. Contents: 100% human thinking, 0% AI slop.

Tag: Laser Cutter

  • Laser Cutter: Improved Tube Support Pads

    Laser Cutter: Improved Tube Support Pads

    A recent mirror alignment check led to complete failure at the laser head aperture just upstream of Mirror 3:

    Beam alignment - M3 fail
    Beam alignment – M3 fail

    Those five spots come from the center of the platform and the four corners; they will overlay into a single spot in a properly aligned machine.

    Pondering my options reminded me that I intended to build new laser tube support pads, because the ones shipped inside the machine seemed crudely made:

    CO2 Laser supports - OEM hardware
    CO2 Laser supports – OEM hardware

    It’s partly disassembled in preparation for the next step.

    The chipboard shims underneath the stack are mine, but the OEM pile was unstable even with the screws tightened. The reason became obvious when I took the stack apart:

    CO2 laser supports - OEM molded parts
    CO2 laser supports – OEM molded parts

    The bump in the middle of the upper block surrounds the post of the laser tube cradle. It looks like this from the side:

    CO2 Laser supports - OEM tube cradle - side view
    CO2 Laser supports – OEM tube cradle – side view

    All of the blocks were crudely molded and could not be stacked into a stable pile. The tech who assembled and aligned the machine tightened the screws so firmly that the washers crushed into saddles:

    CO2 Laser supports - OEM crushed washers
    CO2 Laser supports – OEM crushed washers

    I can do better than that, if only because I’m not on the clock.

    The tube support on the right end (toward the beam outlet) screwed into a nice set of threaded inserts brazed onto the floor of the laser compartment.

    As far as I can tell, the laser cabinet was intended for a real 60 W tube measuring 1200 mm that would stick out into a box on the side of the cabinet, but would allow the left tube support base (shown above) to screw into a similar quartet of threaded inserts. Instead, it has an overdriven 50 W tube measuring 1050 mm with the left support screwed into four crudely hand-drilled and -tapped holes so far off the centerline as to jam the screws against the front end of their slots in order to get the tube barely into alignment, with the screws on the output side jammed against the rear end of their slots.

    To answer a question you may have: the commercial tube supports one might buy from a reputable supplier (or, for that matter, Amazon) are either exactly as wide as the compartment (thus eliminating one degree of freedom) or obviously unsteady, and would surely require drilling more holes in awkward locations.

    So, we begin.

    The general idea is to make a larger set of blocks fitting another quartet of holes with threaded inserts on the right side of the compartment floor:

    CO2 Laser supports - installed right
    CO2 Laser supports – installed right

    On the right, I stuck the bottom block to the shelf with double-sided tape:

    CO2 Laser supports - installed left
    CO2 Laser supports – installed left

    Because I was unwilling to:

    • Drill and tap holes with the tube in place or
    • Remove the tube to get safer access

    The alert reader will note the four tapped holes immediately to the right of the new blocks. Those were evidently intended for a center tube support for the longer tube, because the crudely hand-drilled holes hide just out of view to the left of the new blocks.

    At the far left of that picture, beyond the two holes probably intended for coolant tubes, you can see one of the four holes with tapped inserts that would match longer tubes, where the 50 W tube has its anode and coolant connections.

    The larger blocks I made have a hole accommodating the bulge in the tube cradle to let it slide back and forth as needed:

    CO2 Laser supports - gluing top layers
    CO2 Laser supports – gluing top layers

    That seemed easier and less exciting than attempting to flycut the bottom of the OEM plastic tube cradle.

    The chipboard layer serves as a guide to keep the tube cradle lined up, with its now much shorter screws into the brass inserts epoxied into the plywood layer.

    I glued the top layers together to get a rigid assembly, with the lower layers being replaceable shims adding up to the right height, whatever that might be. The LightBurn layout has an assortment of useful pieces, some of which I didn’t need:

    Laser tube support blocks - LightBurn layout
    Laser tube support blocks – LightBurn layout

    If this were a greenfield project, the leftmost Base MDF pad would come in handy, as its slots are large enough to clear the flat side of the 4 mm rivnuts I’d install in the compartment floor.

    Thin shims come from paperboard boxes & chipboard:

    CO2 Laser supports - thin shims
    CO2 Laser supports – thin shims

    Thicker spacers come from (scrap) plywood and MDF:

    CO2 Laser supports - thIck shims
    CO2 Laser supports – thIck shims

    Skipping ahead a few days, the tube & mirror realignment came out much better:

    Alignment at Mirror 3 - four corners - 2023-09-02
    Alignment at Mirror 3 – four corners – 2023-09-02

    That’s only the four corners of the platform, but it’s OK by me.

    If you’re fussy, the scorches are all low by a bit under 2 mm. Fixing that requires raising the tube by 2 mm, which I can certainly do, but I’m going to let this whole affair mellow out for a while.

    The LightBurn SVG layout as a GitHub Gist:

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  • Laser Cutter: Mirror Pin Wrench

    Laser Cutter: Mirror Pin Wrench

    After struggling with pin pliers again, I finally made a pin wrench for the laser cutter’s mirror retaining rings:

    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench - in use
    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench – in use

    The odd grayish tint toward the flat end of the knob comes from residual black filament in the hot end after switching to retina-burn orange PETG.

    The solid model looks about like you’d expect:

    Mirror Pin Wrench - Solid Model
    Mirror Pin Wrench – Solid Model

    The pins are snippets of 3/32 inch = 2.4 mm steel rod with ground-round ends to fit the 2.5 mm pin sockets in the retaining ring.

    They’re rammed into place with a drill press to keep them aligned with the holes:

    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench - pin insertion
    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench – pin insertion

    Pressed flush with the central boss that aligns the wrench with the ring:

    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench - pin leveling
    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench – pin leveling

    Then put the ring on the bench, set the wrench atop the ring with the pins in the sockets, and press firmly to seat the pins to the proper depth. The end results should look like this:

    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench - mirror ring test
    Laser Mirror Pin Wrench – mirror ring test

    The next time I clean the mirrors, there will be less muttering.

    The OpenSCAD source code as a GitHub Gist:

    // OMTech laser cutter mirror pin wrench
    // Ed Nisley – KE4ZNU – August 2023
    // From https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4146258
    use <knurledFinishLib_v2_1.scad>
    /* [Hidden] */
    ThreadThick = 0.20;
    ThreadWidth = 0.40;
    HoleWindage = 0.2; // extra clearance
    Protrusion = 0.1; // make holes end cleanly
    inch = 25.4;
    //———————-
    // Dimensions
    /* [Knob] */
    PinDia = 2.4; // pin diameter
    PinOC = 20.5; // … on-center spacing
    PinDepth = 10.0; // … hole depth
    LocDia = 14.5; // central stud
    LocLength = 3.0;
    ShaftDia = 26.0; // un-knurled section diameter
    ShaftLength = 15.0; // … length
    KnurlDia = 30.0; // diameter at midline of knurl diamonds
    KnurlLen = 20.0; // … length of knurled section
    /* [Hidden] */
    KnurlDPNom = 32; // Nominal diametral pitch = (# diamonds) / (OD inches)
    DiamondDepth = 0.5; // … depth of diamonds
    DiamondAspect = 2; // length to width ratio
    KnurlID = KnurlDia – DiamondDepth; // dia at bottom of knurl
    NumDiamonds = ceil(KnurlDPNom * KnurlID / inch);
    echo(str("Num diamonds: ",NumDiamonds));
    NumSides = 4*NumDiamonds; // 4 facets per diamond
    KnurlDP = NumDiamonds / (KnurlID / inch); // actual DP
    echo(str("DP Nom: ",KnurlDPNom," actual: ",KnurlDP));
    DiamondWidth = (KnurlID * PI) / NumDiamonds;
    DiamondLenNom = DiamondAspect * DiamondWidth; // nominal diamond length
    DiamondLength = KnurlLen / round(KnurlLen/DiamondLenNom); // … actual
    TaperLength = 0.75*DiamondLength;
    KnobOAL = ShaftLength + KnurlLen + 2*TaperLength;
    //———————-
    // Useful routines
    module PolyCyl(Dia,Height,ForceSides=0) { // based on nophead's polyholes
    Sides = (ForceSides != 0) ? ForceSides : (ceil(Dia) + 2);
    FixDia = Dia / cos(180/Sides);
    cylinder(r=(FixDia + HoleWindage)/2,
    h=Height,
    $fn=Sides);
    }
    //- Build it
    difference() {
    union() {
    render(convexity=10)
    translate([0,0,TaperLength])
    knurl(k_cyl_hg=KnurlLen,
    k_cyl_od=KnurlDia,
    knurl_wd=DiamondWidth,
    knurl_hg=DiamondLength,
    knurl_dp=DiamondDepth,
    e_smooth=DiamondLength/2);
    color("Orange")
    cylinder(r1=ShaftDia/2,
    r2=(KnurlDia – DiamondDepth)/2,
    h=(TaperLength + Protrusion),
    $fn=NumSides);
    color("Orange")
    translate([0,0,(TaperLength + KnurlLen – Protrusion)])
    cylinder(r2=ShaftDia/2,
    r1=(KnurlDia – DiamondDepth)/2,
    h=(TaperLength + Protrusion),
    $fn=NumSides);
    color("Moccasin")
    translate([0,0,(2*TaperLength + KnurlLen – Protrusion)])
    cylinder(r=ShaftDia/2,h=(ShaftLength + Protrusion),$fn=NumSides);
    color("Brown")
    translate([0,0,KnobOAL – Protrusion])
    cylinder(r=LocDia/2,h=(LocLength + Protrusion),$fn=NumSides);
    }
    for (i=[-1,1])
    translate([i*PinOC/2,0,KnobOAL – PinDepth])
    rotate(180/6)
    PolyCyl(PinDia,PinDepth + Protrusion,6);
    }

    It descends from a long line of similar things dating back to the OG Sherline Speed Wrenches.

  • Onion Maggot Fly Sticky Trap Repair

    Onion Maggot Fly Sticky Trap Repair

    One of the sticky traps absorbed a mighty blow during the season and its ski-pole mount snapped off. Rather then rebuild the whole thing, I decided to just epoxy the pieces together and stick a reinforcing plate on the bottom.

    I added a pair of screw holes to the OpenSCAD model and produced a projection of the bottom layer:

    if (Layout == "Projection") {
        projection(cut=true) {
            Attachment();
            Cap();
        }
    }
    

    Which looked like this:

    Sticky Sheet Cage - projection
    Sticky Sheet Cage – projection

    Cutting that shape from an adhesive sheet looks the same:

    Onion Maggot Fly Trap - adhesive sheet
    Onion Maggot Fly Trap – adhesive sheet

    The somewhat raggedy large hole seems to come from OpenSCAD’s somewhat low-res SVG outline conversion.

    Fill the broken part with epoxy:

    Onion Maggot Fly Trap - epoxy ready
    Onion Maggot Fly Trap – epoxy ready

    Clamp it together on a plate to keep the bottom aligned:

    Onion Maggot Fly Trap - clamping
    Onion Maggot Fly Trap – clamping

    Cut an acrylic baseplate:

    Onion Maggot Fly Trap - acrylic cut
    Onion Maggot Fly Trap – acrylic cut

    Apply adhesive sheet to acrylic, stick it on the bottom of the cage, add a pair of stainless steel screws, and declare victory:

    Onion Maggot Fly Trap - bottom view
    Onion Maggot Fly Trap – bottom view

    We’ll see how long that lasts out in the garden next year …

  • Popsicle Mixing Sticks

    Popsicle Mixing Sticks

    Perhaps popsicle stick mixers?

    Popsicle stick mixer - in action
    Popsicle stick mixer – in action

    I made a batch to see if they’d simplify mixing my usual tiny batches of epoxy … and they do! Now I need not worry about forgetting to wipe off the screwdriver or cross-contaminating the resin / hardener tubes.

    Reshaping the tip so the laser beam enters at right angles to the stick produced a cleaner cut and a slightly narrower blade:

    Popsicle stick mixer - cutting
    Popsicle stick mixer – cutting

    The fixture and LightBurn template I made for the engraved markers came in handy. Aligning the template to the fixture proceeds as with the larger craft stick garden markers.

    A small holder keeps finished sticks ready for use:

    Popsicle stick mixer - presentation box
    Popsicle stick mixer – presentation box

    I don’t know how long the box originally holding 1000 sticks has been sitting on the shop shelf, but it’s at least half full despite my continuing efforts. Maybe I can get ahead on my holiday gift prep?

    The LightBurn SVG template layout as a GitHub Gist:

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  • Magnetic Stirrer Resurfacing & Mug Decoration

    Magnetic Stirrer Resurfacing & Mug Decoration

    Half a year of plunking my morning cocoa mug on the magnetic stirrer had pretty well scuffed up its platform, so this seemed like a good idea:

    Magnetic stirrer - vinyl surface
    Magnetic stirrer – vinyl surface

    Rather than add the blue disk to the small-scraps collection, I converted the Squidwrench logo into a LightBurn layout:

    Squidwrench logo - laser cut layout
    Squidwrench logo – laser cut layout

    The roll of transfer tape I have on hand doesn’t stick well to the polyurethane sheet, so easing the vinyl onto the mug required careful tweezer work:

    Squidwrench logo on mug
    Squidwrench logo on mug

    It’s on the other side of the mug from the original, somewhat battered, logo.

    Now we can learn how long polyurethane sheets survive under the same conditions.

  • Tour Easy Running Lights: Mechanics

    Tour Easy Running Lights: Mechanics

    The running lights have the same general structure as before and fit into the same front and rear holders:

    Tour Easy Running Light - rear installed
    Tour Easy Running Light – rear installed

    I made the recess slightly deeper to provide a bit more protection to the lens:

    Tour Easy Running Light - front installed
    Tour Easy Running Light – front installed

    The lenses have a 10° beam angle, so a few more millimeters of sidewall doesn’t intercept much light.

    The layout doodle grew a few more notes:

    Tour Easy running light - housing dimensions
    Tour Easy running light – housing dimensions

    I had the good idea of boring the tube, knurling the rod, then epoxying the two together before cutting the rod:

    Tour Easy Running Light - heatsink curing
    Tour Easy Running Light – heatsink curing

    Which let the lathe hold them in perfect alignment during curing:

    Tour Easy Running Light - heatsink plug alignment
    Tour Easy Running Light – heatsink plug alignment

    The rod fits through the lathe spindle and I intended to use it as an arbor while turning the tube exterior, then cut the finished heatsink off flush.

    Which really good idea lasted until the next morning, when I looked at the setup and immediately cut the rod flush with the tube. Because reasons, perhaps excess blood in my caffeine stream.

    So I had to finish the heatsink on hard mode right up against the chuck:

    Tour Easy Running Light - turning heatsink rebate
    Tour Easy Running Light – turning heatsink rebate

    Flipping it around and gripping that little rebate to skim the OD down to 25 mm seemed fraught with peril, so I stabilized the open end with a chuck and plenty of oil; the live center was just too big around for the job.

    Dang, I hate it when I screw up a nice plan.

    Then drill various holes on the Sherline and epoxy the circuit support plate:

    Tour Easy Running Light - circuit plate curing
    Tour Easy Running Light – circuit plate curing

    After boring the PVC pipe to 23 mm ID, I made a pair of Delrin fixtures to simplify turning the exterior to 25 mm before parting it off:

    Tour Easy Running Light - turning body OD
    Tour Easy Running Light – turning body OD

    The PVC is so thin the Arduino’s LEDs shine right through:

    Tour Easy Running Light - installed top view
    Tour Easy Running Light – installed top view

    The radioactive green endcap is ordinary laser-cut fluorescent edge-lit acrylic with sunlight through the garage door on the left. I used red acrylic for the taillight to encourage their separate identities.

    The knockoff Arduino Nano fits on one side of the support plate:

    Tour Easy Running Light - Arduino view
    Tour Easy Running Light – Arduino view

    And the current regulator on the other:

    Tour Easy Running Light - current regulator
    Tour Easy Running Light – current regulator

    Because these run from a dedicated 6.3 V step-down regulator, rather than the Bafang controller’s headlight output, the 2.0 Ω sense resistor sets the LED current to 0.8 V / 2.0 Ω = 400 mA, which is pretty close to the LED 1 W spec.

    The white blob at the end of the two ribbon cable wires is the optoisolator pulling down a pin when the LIGHT signal is active, telling the firmware to stop the normal blink pattern and just turn the LED on all the time. This will come in handy if I ever do any night riding.

    The LED is epoxied to the aluminum shell (with metal-filled JB Weld) and the whole affair never gets more than comfortably warm even with the LED running constantly.

    I think they came out All Good™, despite various blunders along the way.

  • Tour Easy Running Lights: Same, But Different

    Tour Easy Running Lights: Same, But Different

    Having just finished another set of daytime running lights, we once again have a matched pair of Tour Easy recumbents:

    Tour Easy Running Light - two tail lights
    Tour Easy Running Light – two tail lights

    Although both ‘bents have Bafang 750 W motors with 48 V lithium batteries and both motor controllers have “light” outputs, they are different.

    The controller on Mary’s bike (on the right) has a 6.3 V output that goes active when you press the 500C display’s + button for a few seconds. Those running lights simply use the light output for power, with a bit of tweakage to keep their current draw within the 500 mA limit.

    The controller on my bike (on the left) has a 12 V output that goes active when I press-and-hold the headlight button on the DPC-18 display’s pad. Unlike the 500C, however, the DPC-18 dims its display when the lights are on, rendering it completely illegible in sunlight.

    Because the running lights must operate with the headlight output inactive, a buck converter from a randomly named Amazon seller steps the 48 V battery down to 6.3 V. Note that the usual buck converters have a 36 V upper limit, so you want one with an LM2596HV regulator.

    Because the regulator should be turned off when the motor controller is off, it must have a control input to enable / disable it; even if the regulator has the input pin, most boards don’t bring it out to a pad. The PCB I used has a SW input that must be low to enable the regulator, as shown in the middle doodle amid these scratches:

    Tour Easy running light - buck converter SW control doodles
    Tour Easy running light – buck converter SW control doodles

    The SW pad on the PCB drives a voltage divider made from a 3.3 kΩ and a 10 kΩ resistor, with the regulator’s control (pin 5) looking at the junction. Running the numbers suggested a 220 kΩ resistor from the battery + terminal would provide enough current to hold the pin high, while not drawing more than a few hundred microamps, and a transistor could pull it low to turn the regulator on.

    The DPC-18 display has a USB port to charge your phone on the go, so I hijacked that to get +5 V when the controller is turned on:

    Tour Easy Running Light - Bafang DPC-18 USB plug
    Tour Easy Running Light – Bafang DPC-18 USB plug

    It’s a cut-down USB breakout board with two 24 AWG wires stripped from a ribbon cable soldered in place and coated with epoxy. The silicone port cover sticks out on the left; I eventually jammed it under the display panel in lieu of cutting it off.

    Although I want the running lights on whenever the controller is on, It Would Be Nice™ to have a steady headlight / taillight in the unlikely event I ever ride after dark. With that in mind, the USB power pair joins another pair from the motor controller’s LIGHT connector (via a red 2-pin Juliet plug), so the firmware can tell when the headlights should be on, and the resulting 4-wire ribbon cable wanders off to the battery mounting plate:

    Tour Easy running light - wire routing doodle
    Tour Easy running light – wire routing doodle

    The connectors along the way are 4-pin JST-SM 2.5 mm, which are most certainly not watertight. We’re fortunate in being able to not ride in the rain whenever we want, so the connectors won’t be exposed to water very often.

    The battery mounting plate has an aluminum casting with a small compartment, probably intended for a complete e-bike controller, that just barely holds the hardware required to produce the 6.3 V supply:

    Tour Easy Running Light - Bafang battery base circuitry - detail
    Tour Easy Running Light – Bafang battery base circuitry – detail

    Yes, those exposed battery terminals with soldered-on wires got a silicone tape wrap. No, there are no fuses involved. The two steel brackets holding the main power cable in place came pre-bent and pre-drilled in a random piece of scrap harvested from some dead equipment; they’re screwed into pre-tapped holes intended for the six TO-220 style power transistors of the missing motor driver.

    The perfboard in the upper left holds an optoisolator for the USB power → SW input and a pair of resistors for the LIGHT signal to the headlight and taillight:

    Tour Easy running light - control doodles
    Tour Easy running light – control doodles

    The optoisolators come from an ancient surplus deal; the bag I thought contained unmarked SFH615 parts apparently got mixed with some unmarked SFH6106 parts with the opposite transistor pinout.

    The sketched trimpot in the lower right was on the buck regulator board, where it stood just an itsy too tall to fit the space available. Given that I would never adjust it, I set it for 6.3 V, removed it, measured the resistances, substituted fixed resistors, and the board should produce 6.3-ish V forevermore.

    The regulator sits atop heatsink tape on a brass sheet with more heatsink tape isolating it from the housing and two nylon screws holding the stack in place.

    With the various cables soldered in place:

    Tour Easy Running Light - Bafang battery base circuitry - wired
    Tour Easy Running Light – Bafang battery base circuitry – wired

    The layout of all those cables:

    Tour Easy running light - cable sections doodle
    Tour Easy running light – cable sections doodle

    Surprisingly, It Just Worked™:

    Tour Easy Running Light - installed top view
    Tour Easy Running Light – installed top view

    More details to follow …