The Smell of Molten Projects in the Morning

Ed Nisley's Blog: Shop notes, electronics, firmware, machinery, 3D printing, laser cuttery, and curiosities. Contents: 100% human thinking, 0% AI slop.

Tag: MK4

Prusa Mk 4 3D printer with MMU3 feeder

  • WS-5000 Anemometer Bird Spike Ring

    WS-5000 Anemometer Bird Spike Ring

    A critter made off with our battered plastic rain gauge, so I set up an Ambient Weather WS-5000 station to tell Mary how much rain her garden was getting. I added the Official Bird Spike Ring around the rain gauge to keep birds off, but robins began perching atop the anemometer while surveying the yard and crapping on the insolation photocell.

    After a few false starts, the anemometer now has its own spikes:

    Weather station with additional spikes
    Weather station with additional spikes

    It’s a snugly fitting TPU ring:

    Weather Station Spikes - build test piece
    Weather Station Spikes – build test piece

    The spikes are Chromel A themocouple wire, because a spool of the stuff didn’t scamper out of the way when I opened the Big Box o’ Specialty Wire. As you can tell from the picture, it’s very stiff (which is good for spikes) and hard to straighten (which is bad for looking cool).

    The shape in the middle is a hole diameter test piece. Next time around, I’ll use thicker 14 AWG copper wire:

    Weather station spikes - test piece
    Weather station spikes – test piece

    The test piece showed I lack good control over the TPU extrusion parameters on the Makergear M2, as holes smaller than about 2 mm vanish, even though the block’s outside dimensions are spot on. This application wasn’t too critical, so I sharpened the wire ends and stabbed them into the middle of the perimeter threads encircling the hole.

    Now we’ll discover how TPU survives weather.

    The OpenSCAD source code as a GitHub Gist:

    // Ambient Weather – Ambient Weather WS-5000 anemometer bird spike ring
    // Ed Nisley – KE4ZNU
    // 2025-06-09
    include <BOSL2/std.scad>
    Layout = "Show"; // [Show,Build,Slice]
    /* [Hidden] */
    HoleWindage = 0.2;
    Protrusion = 0.1;
    ID = 0;
    OD = 1;
    LENGTH = 2;
    SpikeOC = 30.0; // straight-line distance between spikes, OEM = 35
    WallThick = 4.0;
    BandID = 3.5*INCH – 0.5; // = OD of weather station
    BandOD = BandID + 2*WallThick;
    BandHeight = 8.0;
    SpikeOD = 1.7 + HoleWindage; // wire diameter
    SpikeWall = 2.0; // around wires
    SpikeBCD = BandOD;
    MountOD = SpikeOD + 2*SpikeWall;
    NumSpikes = ceil(PI*BandOD/SpikeOC); // need integral number of spikes
    SpikeAngle = 360/NumSpikes;
    NumSides = 3*NumSpikes;
    echo(SpikeAngle=SpikeAngle);
    echo(NumSpikes=NumSpikes);
    //———-
    // Define Shapes
    module Slice() {
    difference() {
    hull() {
    pie_slice(h=BandHeight,d=BandOD,$fn=NumSides,ang=SpikeAngle,spin=-SpikeAngle/2,anchor=BOTTOM);
    right(SpikeBCD/2 – MountOD/2)
    cyl(h=BandHeight,d=MountOD,realign=true,anchor=LEFT+BOTTOM,$fn=2*6);
    }
    down(Protrusion) {
    cyl(h=BandHeight + 2*Protrusion,d=BandID,$fn=NumSides,circum=true,realign=true,anchor=BOTTOM);
    right(SpikeBCD/2)
    cyl(h=BandHeight + 2*Protrusion,d=SpikeOD,$fn=6,circum=true,realign=true,anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    }
    }
    module SpikeRing() {
    for (i=[0:NumSpikes-1])
    zrot(i*SpikeAngle)
    Slice();
    }
    //———-
    // Build things
    if (Layout == "Slice") {
    Slice();
    }
    if (Layout == "Show") {
    left(SpikeBCD/2)
    Slice();
    SpikeRing();
    }
    if (Layout == "Build") {
    SpikeRing();
    }

  • PolyDryer Internal Fan Puzzle

    PolyDryer Internal Fan Puzzle

    With the humidity inside the PolyDryer boxes being roughly proportional to the amount of filament on the spool, I printed a slightly modified airlock plate and a TPU seal ring, then stuck a tiny fan on it:

    PolyDryer airlock plate - tiny fan
    PolyDryer airlock plate – tiny fan

    It just barely clears the curved air guide inside:

    PolyDryer airlock plate - tiny fan installed
    PolyDryer airlock plate – tiny fan installed

    The tea bags full of desiccant allow some wind between them and the filament in the spool, but I obviously must re-think that setup. There’s enough clearance for what should be reasonable circulation, so i defined it to be good enough for now.

    The box of TPU started at 25 %RH, dropped to 22 %RH overnight, then returned to 25 %RH the next day:

    PolyDryer TPU - 25 pct RH
    PolyDryer TPU – 25 pct RH

    Now that I’m watching more often, I’ve seen the meter glitch to 10% for a few seconds:

    PolyDryer TPU - 10 pct RH glitch
    PolyDryer TPU – 10 pct RH glitch

    A humidity indicator card suggests the air is under 20 %RH:

    PolyDryer TPU - humidity indicator card
    PolyDryer TPU – humidity indicator card

    It may be the filament can outgas water vapor as rapidly as the desiccant can remove it, but I expected the fan to make at least a little difference.

    I have no idea what’s going on in those boxes.

  • PolyDryer Humidity vs. Spool Fill

    PolyDryer Humidity vs. Spool Fill

    The Basement Shop has 50±5% relative humidity, with the top held down by a hulking dehumidifier (plus a box fan stirring the air) and the bottom supported by being a basement. As a result, the 3D printer filament stabilized at about 50% RH, which seemed to work well enough for PETG.

    Adding TPU to the stable called for better humidity control, so I set up a bunch of PolyMaker PolyDryer boxes with Auto-rewind spindles.

    After a few weeks, though, I didn’t expect this:

    PolyDryer humidity vs spool fill
    PolyDryer humidity vs spool fill

    That’s activated alumina desiccant, mostly because it’s reputed to have more capacity and a lower ultimate humidity than silica gel, but it likely doesn’t make much difference.

    In addition to 25 g of desiccant in the PolyDryer meter case, I dropped five teabags holding 10 g each in the bottom of the box for more capacity. I measure the desiccant by putting 75.0 g into a cup, putting 25.0 g in the PolyDryer meter box (aided by a Polydryer Desiccant Funnel), 10.0 g into four teabags, and whatever’s left into the fifth teabag, thus eliminating rounding errors in the smaller quantities.

    The stabilized humidity inside the boxes seems to depend on the amount of filament on the spool:

    • Nearly full → 25% to 30% RH
    • Half full → 20%-ish RH
    • Nearly empty → 10% to 15% RH

    I think the humidity level comes from the filament outgassing water vapor through its (limited) surface area on the outer layer around the spool. The difference between that rate and the desiccant’s ability to remove water vapor from the (unmoving) air in the box sets the stable humidity: more surface area → more water vapor → higher humidity.

    After the filament eventually dries out, the humidity should decrease, but diffusion is a slow process. More likely, the humidity will remain stable as the printer pulls filament from the outer layer and exposes the somewhat wetter plastic within.

    The heater and fan inside the PolyDryer base unit circulates hot air through the box around the spool, but depends on the desiccant to remove water vapor. Running the base unit for 6 or 12 hours makes little difference in the stabilized humidity, so I think the desiccant is doing the best it can as the filament outgasses more water vapor.

    Using Air Exchanger vents seems to make no difference, likely because the desiccant must then pull more water vapor out of the incoming 50% RH basement air. A psychrometric chart says 50% RH air at 60 °F becomes 10% RH air at 120 °F, but moisture in the filament wrapped around the spool can’t escape any faster.

    So, for example, a full spool of TPU starting at 25% RH:

    PolyDryer humidity - TPU start
    PolyDryer humidity – TPU start

    Six hours of drying pulls it down to 22%:

    PolyDryer humidity - TPU finish
    PolyDryer humidity – TPU finish

    After sitting overnight it’s back at 25%:

    PolyDryer humidity - TPU after 14 hr
    PolyDryer humidity – TPU after 14 hr

    Admittedly, that was with the vents in place, but the closed box started at 25% RH after sitting around for a week or so following a similar drying cycle.

    The desiccant had absorbed 4 g of water since I put it in, so it hasn’t been entirely idle.

    Which suggests 75 g of activated alumina desiccant is workin’ hard and doin’ swell in there, with the filament acting as an essentially infinite reservoir of water vapor.

    I haven’t noticed any particular difference in PETG print quality and the TPU hasn’t gotten enough mileage to notice much trouble, but reducing the MMU3 buffer clutter was totally worth the effort.

  • HQ Sixteen: Nose Ring Lights

    HQ Sixteen: Nose Ring Lights

    We don’t know what the proper term might be for this part of the machine, but it looks sorta like a nose and the lights form most of a ring around it, so I’m going with “Nose Ring Lights”:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights - front view
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights – front view

    The general idea is to put more light on the quilt than the Chin Light, which looked pretty good until the COB LED strip started flickering as the LEDs failed.

    Handi-Quilter sells a ring light for machines manufactured a decade later than ours, but it uses a built-in USB jack this machine lacks.

    One of two (apparently) unused M4 holes on the left side of the machine frame suggested a mounting point for a 3D printed bracket:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring Lights - solid model
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring Lights – solid model

    The ramp matches the 3° (-ish) mold draft of the machine frame, which I initially ignored by angling the tab, but a tilted frame looked awful; it’s now aligned with local horizontal..

    A few iterations got all the pieces & holes in their proper places:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights - iterations
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights – iterations

    The smaller (rampless) bracket has three LED strips, but a quick test showed more light would be better:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights - bottom view
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights – bottom view

    The lack of a transparent-ish cover is obviously unsuitable for a commercial product, but the key design goal is to not interfere with spreading as much light as possible across as much of the quilt as possible. The black JB Weld Plastic Bonder blobs keep the 24 VDC supply out of harm’s way, which is as good as it needs to be for now.

    The bracket has three sides, because the right side of the machine has all the thread guide hardware. Putting anything over there seemed likely to interfere with either thread movement or fingers making adjustments.

    Fortunately, the wider bracket doesn’t stick out too far beyond the machine frame and the doubled LED strips create a much smoother light pool:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights - left front view
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring lights – left front view

    Yes, the quilt is focused and the LED frame is blurred.

    The larger light-emitting area reduces the shadow under the left rod (supporting the ruler foot) enough to be unobjectionable.

    A 0.2 mm layer thickness transforms the smooth ramp into stair steps:

    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring Lights - PrusaSlicer
    HQ Sixteen Nose Ring Lights – PrusaSlicer

    They’re inconspicuous after the bracket is installed.

    The Chin Light ran on 12 V and these strips require 24 V, so the OpenSCAD code creates a pair of endcaps for the new supply, which is of course completely different than the old supply. Setting that up must await quilt completion.

    The OpenSCAD source code as a GitHub Gist:

    // HQ Sixteen Nose Ring Lights
    // Ed Nisley – KE4ZNU
    // 2025-05-23
    include <BOSL2/std.scad>
    Layout = "Show"; // [Show,Build,NosePlan,PowerCap]
    // Number of side-by-side LED strips
    Strips = 2;
    /* [Hidden] */
    HoleWindage = 0.2;
    Protrusion = 0.1;
    NumSides = 3*3*4;
    $fn=NumSides;
    ID = 0;
    OD = 1;
    LENGTH = 2;
    Gap = 5.0;
    WallThick = 5.0; // default thickness for things
    NoseRadius = 6.0; // corner roundoff
    NoseOA = [44.0,36.5]; // overall nose size
    NoseAngles = [87,87]; // front & rear inward angles wrt left side
    NoseCenters = [ // centers of circles defining the nose corners
    [NoseRadius, NoseOA.y/2 – NoseRadius],
    [NoseRadius,-(NoseOA.y/2 – NoseRadius)],
    [NoseOA.x – NoseRadius, NoseOA.y/2 – NoseRadius – (NoseOA.x – 2*NoseRadius)*tan(90 – NoseAngles[0])],
    [NoseOA.x – NoseRadius,-(NoseOA.y/2 – NoseRadius – (NoseOA.x – 2*NoseRadius)*tan(90 – NoseAngles[1]))],
    ];
    LEDMargin = 1.0;
    LEDStrip = [41.5 + LEDMargin,8.0 + LEDMargin,1.8 + 0.2]; // 24 V COB LED strip unit + windage
    LEDBaseOA = [LEDStrip.x + Strips*LEDStrip.y,NoseOA.y + 2*Strips*LEDStrip.y,WallThick]; // LED mount
    DraftAngle = 3.0; // angle of frame wrt horizontal at right end of nose
    DraftWedge = [NoseOA.x,NoseOA.y + 2*LEDStrip.y,NoseOA.x*tan(DraftAngle)];
    HoleOffset = [-10.0,5.5,DraftWedge.z + 10.0]; // from left front corner of nose
    HolePosition = HoleOffset + [0,-NoseOA.y/2,WallThick]; // absolute coordinates from origin
    Screw = [4.0 + HoleWindage,9.0,2.0]; // LENGTH=button head
    Bracket = [WallThick,Screw[OD] + 4.0,HoleOffset.z + Screw[OD/2] + 2.0 + WallThick];
    Supply = [46.0,30.0,21.0]; // 24 VDC power supply
    SupplyScrewOffset = 5.0; // … M4 screw hole from end of supply case
    CapWall = 3.0;
    CapRadius = CapWall – 1.0;
    CapInset = 1.0;
    CapOA = [20.0,Supply.y + 2*CapWall,Supply.z + CapWall]; // x & y to cover existing holes
    //———-
    // Define Shapes
    //—– 2D outline of nose piece just under frame casting
    module NosePlan() {
    hull()
    for (p = NoseCenters)
    translate(p) circle(r=NoseRadius);
    }
    //—– LED mounting plate
    module Mount() {
    union() {
    difference() {
    union() {
    right(LEDBaseOA.x/2 – Strips*LEDStrip.y)
    cuboid(LEDBaseOA,rounding=WallThick/2,except=BOTTOM,anchor=BOTTOM);
    up(LEDBaseOA.z) left(-HoleOffset.x/2)
    yrot(DraftAngle)
    cuboid(DraftWedge,rounding=WallThick/2,edges="Z",anchor=LEFT+BOTTOM);
    }
    down(Protrusion)
    linear_extrude(LEDBaseOA.z + DraftWedge.z + Protrusion)
    NosePlan();
    if (Strips > 1)
    translate([HolePosition.x – Bracket.x/2,HolePosition.y – Bracket.y,-Protrusion])
    cyl(LEDBaseOA.z + 2*Protrusion,d=4.0,anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    difference() {
    union() {
    translate([HolePosition.x,HolePosition.y,(Bracket.x/2)*sin(DraftAngle)])
    left(Bracket.x)
    cuboid(Bracket,rounding=WallThick/2,edges=LEFT,anchor=BOTTOM+LEFT);
    translate([HolePosition.x – Bracket.x/2,HolePosition.y,0]) // rounding filler
    cuboid([LEDStrip.y,Bracket.y,WallThick],anchor=BOTTOM+LEFT);
    }
    translate(HolePosition)
    xrot(180/6) xcyl(l=NoseOA.x,d=Screw[ID],$fn=6);
    }
    }
    }
    //—– Endcap for power supply
    module EndCap() {
    difference() {
    cuboid(CapOA,rounding=CapRadius,except=BOTTOM,anchor=LEFT+BOTTOM);
    right(CapOA.x – CapWall) down(Protrusion)
    cuboid(Supply + [0,0,Protrusion],anchor=RIGHT+BOTTOM);
    right(CapInset + SupplyScrewOffset)
    zcyl(l=2*CapOA.z,d=Screw[ID],$fn=6,anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    }
    //———-
    // Build things
    if (Layout == "NosePlan") {
    NosePlan();
    }
    if (Layout == "PowerCap") {
    EndCap();
    }
    if (Layout == "Show") {
    Mount();
    ctr = 80;
    ofs = Supply.x/2 – CapInset;
    left(ctr – ofs)
    EndCap();
    left(ctr + ofs)
    xflip()
    EndCap();
    color("Silver",0.6)
    left (ctr)
    cuboid(Supply,anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    if (Layout == "Build") {
    Mount();
    back((LEDBaseOA.y + CapOA.y)/2 + Gap) right(Gap) up(CapOA.z) zflip()
    EndCap();
    back((LEDBaseOA.y + CapOA.y)/2 + Gap) left(Gap) zrot(180) up(CapOA.z) zflip()
    EndCap();
    }

  • Sears Humidifier: Lid Hinge Re-repair

    Sears Humidifier: Lid Hinge Re-repair

    The longsuffering Sears Humidifier that Came With The House once again has functioning hinges:

    Sears Humidifier - lid hinge gluing setup
    Sears Humidifier – lid hinge gluing setup

    That’s the gluing “fixture” with enough steel piled on the lid to keep it from moving and machinist vises pushing / holding the hinge fragments in place.

    I used the same technique as before, with duct tape aligning the loose pieces and JB Plastic Bonder sticking them together:

    Sears Humidifier - right hinge outboard
    Sears Humidifier – right hinge outboard

    The other side of that hinge shows the broken section at the end of the molded void:

    Sears Humidifier - right hinge inboard
    Sears Humidifier – right hinge inboard

    The other hinge has a 3D printed replacement end:

    Sears Humidifier - left hinge inboard
    Sears Humidifier – left hinge inboard

    The other side shows there’s not much of the original hinge left:

    Sears Humidifier - left hinge outboard
    Sears Humidifier – left hinge outboard

    I very carefully installed the lid on the newly cleaned humidifier in the Basement Shop, where it flips up and down like anything.

    At the start of this year’s humidification season, I will very carefully carry the lid up the basement stairs to the Sewing Room and we’ll see how long it survives in actual use.

  • 3D Printer Filament Spool Washers

    3D Printer Filament Spool Washers

    The auto-rewind spindles for PolyDryer boxes fit a variety of spools, but recessed hubs like this require a pair of washers to center the spindles:

    Filament spool washers - recessed hub
    Filament spool washers – recessed hub

    They’re laser-cut, although you could print them easily enough:

    Filament spool washers - recessed hub - installed
    Filament spool washers – recessed hub – installed

    The size for that particular spool:

    • OD = 80 mm
    • Flange side ID = 51 mm
    • Nut side ID = 43
    • Thickness = ¼ inch, near enough

    Other spools required a 3 mm shim on the flange side to sit centered in the PolyDryer boxes. Those are basically identical what you see above, with a 72 mm OD matching the flange.

    The PETG-CF filament arrived on cardboard spools, which are apparently the new hotness:

    Filament spool washers - printed
    Filament spool washers – printed

    The 56 mm spool ID requires adapters on both sides, with the flange side getting a 4 mm shim:

    Filament spool washers - printed shim - flange side
    Filament spool washers – printed shim – flange side

    That skootches the spool over against the 1 mm shim on the nut side:

    Filament spool washers - printed - nut side
    Filament spool washers – printed – nut side

    It would be possible to modify the auto-rewind spindle diameters to suit, if you were a dab hand with Fusion360, but the variety of hubs around here tells me a set of cheap adapters & shims makes more sense.

    You should not assume anything will fit the spools you have, no matter how much they resemble what you see above.

    The OpenSCAD source code as a GitHub Gist:

    // Polymaker PolyDryer auto-rewind spool washers
    // Ed Nisley – KE4ZNU
    // 2025-05-20
    include <BOSL2/std.scad>
    Layout = "Show"; // [Show,Build]
    /* [Hidden] */
    HoleWindage = 0.2;
    Protrusion = 0.1;
    NumSides = 3*3*4;
    $fn=NumSides;
    ID = 0;
    OD = 1;
    LENGTH = 2;
    Gap = 5.0; // Build separation
    SpoolWidth = 20.0; // Show separation
    FlangeOD = 72.0; // auto-rewind spindle
    FlangeHubOD = 50.5 + 1.0;
    NutOD = 77.0;
    NutHubOD = 42.0 + 1.0;
    //———-
    // Define Shapes
    module EryOneCF(Side = "Flange") {
    SpoolID = 56.0 – 1.0;
    SpoolSideThick = 3.0;
    if (Side == "Flange")
    tube(4.0,od=FlangeOD,id=FlangeHubOD,anchor=BOTTOM) // flange side
    position(TOP)
    tube(SpoolSideThick,od=SpoolID,id=FlangeHubOD,anchor=BOTTOM);
    if (Side == "Nut")
    tube(1.0,od=NutOD,id=43.0,anchor=BOTTOM) // nut side
    position(TOP)
    tube(SpoolSideThick,od=SpoolID,id=NutHubOD,anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    //———-
    // Build things
    if (Layout == "Show") {
    left(SpoolWidth/2) yrot(90) EryOneCF("Flange");
    right(SpoolWidth/2) yrot(-90) EryOneCF("Nut");
    }
    if (Layout == "Build") {
    left((FlangeOD + Gap)/2) EryOneCF("Flange");
    right((NutOD + Gap)/2) EryOneCF("Nut");
    }
  • 3D Printed 20×102mm Cartridge

    3D Printed 20×102mm Cartridge

    Having accumulated a box of empty 12 gram CO₂ capsules and having already done Too Many bomb fins:

    20x102mm cartridges
    20x102mm cartridges

    The capsule is obviously the wrong shape, too short, and only 19 mm diameter, but it’s the thought that counts.

    Apply the contour gauge to a genuine slightly battered 20×102mm cartridge:

    20x102mm cartridge tracing
    20x102mm cartridge tracing

    Scan the sketch, import into Inkscape, rotate the image to correct the case taper angle vs. the page, lay lines & curves around the perimeter, align half of it at the page origin to work with OpenSCAD, export as SVG:

    Cartridge - 20x102mm outline - Inkscape layout
    Cartridge – 20x102mm outline – Inkscape layout

    Import into OpenSCAD, let rotate_extrude do the heavy lifting, and remove some pieces:

    Cartridge Case - build view solid model
    Cartridge Case – build view solid model

    The little disk represents a fired primer you’d print separately in a different color and glue into the pocket shown in this cutaway view:

    Cartridge Case - cutaway solid model
    Cartridge Case – cutaway solid model

    The interior void could hold sand for additional heft, as the whole thing is obviously nose-heavy; that’s certainly in the nature of fine tuning. Obviously, we are not dealing with anything that could go bang.

    It builds just like you’d expect:

    20x102mm cartridge - printing
    20x102mm cartridge – printing

    Dab some adhesive on the capsule tip, ditto for the primer, stick them in place, and it’s all good.

    I like the gray PETG-CF version:

    20x102mm cartridges - blue gray PETG-CF
    20x102mm cartridges – blue gray PETG-CF

    Maybe not such a good idea in this day & age. Print responsibly, as they say.

    Update

    Print a sabot to fit a CO₂ capsule into a genuine steel cartridge.

    The solid model:

    Cartridge Case - sabot solid model
    Cartridge Case – sabot solid model

    The OpenSCAD making it happen:

    module Sabot() {
    tube(SabotOA[LENGTH],id=SabotOA[ID],od=SabotOA[OD],anchor=BOTTOM)
        position(BOTTOM)
          tube(SabotOA[LENGTH]/2,id=SabotOA[ID],od=CartridgeOA[ID],anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    

    The result:

    20x102mm cartridges
    20x102mm cartridges

    The OpenSCAD source code (minus the sabot) and outline as a GitHub Gist:

    Loading
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    // 20x102mm cartridge
    // Ed Nisley – KE4ZNU
    // 2025-05-18
    include <BOSL2/std.scad>
    Layout = "Show"; // [Show,Build]
    Powder = true; // build internal void
    /* [Hidden] */
    ID = 0;
    OD = 1;
    LENGTH = 2;
    HoleWindage = 0.2;
    Protrusion = 0.1;
    NumSides = 3*3*4;
    $fn = NumSides;
    CartridgeOA = [21.0,29.5,101.4]; // must match SVG pretty closely
    PrimerOA = [2.0,8.0,2.0];
    CapsuleTip = [7.5,7.5,5.0];
    Capsule = [7.5,18.8 + HoleWindage,83];
    SeatingDepth = 25.0;
    Void = [CartridgeOA[ID]- 4.0,CartridgeOA[OD]- 4.0,CartridgeOA[LENGTH] – SeatingDepth – 4*PrimerOA[LENGTH]];
    //———-
    // Define shapes
    module Cartridge() {
    difference() {
    rotate_extrude()
    import("Cartridge – 20x102mm outline.svg",layer="Cartridge Aligned Half");
    up(PrimerOA[LENGTH])
    cyl(PrimerOA[LENGTH] + Protrusion,d=PrimerOA[OD],anchor=TOP);
    up(CartridgeOA[LENGTH] + CapsuleTip[LENGTH])
    cyl(SeatingDepth,d=Capsule[OD],anchor=TOP);
    up(CartridgeOA[LENGTH] – SeatingDepth)
    cyl(Void[LENGTH],d=CapsuleTip[OD],anchor=BOTTOM);
    if (Powder) {
    up(Void[LENGTH]/2)
    cyl(Void[LENGTH],d=CapsuleTip[OD],anchor=BOTTOM);
    up(2*PrimerOA[LENGTH])
    cyl(Void[LENGTH],d=Void[OD],rounding=Void[OD]/2,anchor=BOTTOM);
    down(Protrusion)
    cyl(Void[LENGTH],d=PrimerOA[ID],anchor=BOTTOM);
    }
    }
    }
    module Primer() {
    difference() {
    cyl(PrimerOA[LENGTH] – Protrusion,d=PrimerOA[OD] – HoleWindage,anchor=BOTTOM);
    up(PrimerOA[LENGTH])
    spheroid(d=PrimerOA[ID]);
    }
    }
    //———-
    // Build things
    if (Layout == "Show")
    //render()
    difference() {
    Cartridge();
    cuboid(3*CartridgeOA[LENGTH],anchor=LEFT+BACK);
    }
    if (Layout == "Build") {
    Cartridge();
    right(CartridgeOA[OD])
    Primer();
    }