Ed Nisley's Blog: Shop notes, electronics, firmware, machinery, 3D printing, laser cuttery, and curiosities. Contents: 100% human thinking, 0% AI slop.
As part of our discussion around those Hall effect switches, I cautioned our Larval Engineer that she can’t use capacitors to “smooth out” mechanical switch bounce, even though all of her cronies and (most likely) her profs will advocate doing exactly that. The subject also came up at the local hackerspace when she showed off her project, so I should explain why capacitors don’t solve the problem.
Here’s some switch contact bounce:
Switch bounce – black panel-mount
Another push on the button, just to show how unpredictable the bounces can be:
Switch bounce – black panel-mount – 2
Note the horizontal scale: 10 ms/div. The smaller glitches appear only by courtesy of the scope’s glitch-catching mode; they’re down around a few microseconds.
Now, let’s add the canonical 100 nF “debounce” capacitor in parallel with the contacts and record another set of bounces:
Switch bounce – black panel-mount – 100 nF cap
Notice that the switch contacts bounce in a completely unpredictable manner.
The pullup resistor is a rather stiff 1 kΩ, so the RC time constant is τ = 1 kΩ × 100 nF = 100 μs, but that applies only to the rising edges of the waveform as the switch opens. You can, indeed, see a slight rounding of those corners: the voltage requires about 5τ = 500 μs to reach 99% of the final voltage.
The capacitor also forms an LC tank circuit with the usual parasitic wiring inductance, producing spikes that exceed the supply voltage: that’s the first half-cycle of the tank oscillation as the switch opens. The Q is fairly low due to the relatively high resistance, so the oscillations die out quickly. If this were feeding a microcontroller’s input pin, its input protection diodes would clamp the spikes to one diode drop above the supply voltage and below 0 V, but that’s an entirely different study.
It should be obvious that adding the cap hasn’t done diddly squat to debounce the switch transition.
Increasing the pullup resistor to the usual 10 kΩ will increase the time constant to τ = 1 ms, round off the leading edges a bit more, and further reduce the Q. It won’t debounce the longest transitions, which are on the order of 20 ms for this particular switch. You can’t increase the pullup too much, because you want enough current through it to ensure a valid logic level despite external noise (which is also an entirely different study); 100 kΩ may be as much as you can stand.
But that’s just for glitches due to the switch opening. The closed switch puts a dead short across the capacitor, so the cap provides no filtering as the switch closes: the microcontroller will see every single low-going bounce. The photos show only bounces during the open→closed switch transition, but the closed→open transition can be equally ugly: yes, switches bounce closed as they open.
That means the microcontroller will see glitches as the switch opens.
So let’s increase the capacitor enough that the voltage can’t rise beyond the logic threshold until the switch stops bouncing. Ignoring LC tank effects, the voltage rises as 1 – e-t/τ, so we need that value to be less than 0.25 (for a bit of margin) of the supply voltage after the longest possible bounce as the switch opens. Let’s assume the switch has a single closed (low) glitch after a long time being open (high), at which time the voltage must still be under the logic threshold to prevent a false input. The datasheets only give the maximum bounce duration, if they give any bounce time at all, so let’s assume the longest bounce will be 60 ms.
That says τ = -60 ms / ln(0.75) = 210 ms. Given a 10 kΩ pullup, that’s C = 210 ms / 10 Ω = 21 μF.
No problem, right? Let’s just put a 22 μF electrolytic cap across every switch and be done with it!
Well, except for the fact that most pushbutton switches can’t tolerate that much energy through their contacts. Assuming a 100 mΩ resistance and ignoring stray inductance, the initial current will be 5 V / 100 mΩ = 50 A with a time constant of τ = 22 μF × 100 mΩ = 2 μs. At the usual 5 V logic supply, the cap stores 22 μF × (5 V)2 = 550 μJ of energy, so we’re now burning the switch contacts with a 250 W pulse. Some switches have a maximum energy rating to deter exactly this design blunder, but you should not assume the lack of such a rating means the switch can handle anything you throw at it.
No problem, let’s just put a resistor in series with the switch to reduce the initial current.
I think you can see where this is going, though, so I’ll leave all that as an exercise for the student.
Moral of the story: you must do debouncing in software by filtering the raw switch input. The trick will be to get that code right, which isn’t nearly as simple as you might think. In fact, the first half-dozen techniques you come up with won’t work, so use a dependable library and test the results… which is an entirely different study, too.
If it’s any consolation, I didn’t know this stuff when I was a Larval Engineer, either. In fact, I didn’t learn much of it until after I made all the usual mistakes…
Thinking about those batteries in the context of a really big LED tail light for a bike leads to wondering about the variation in LED forward voltages; it’s possible to drive LEDs in parallel if they’re well-matched for forward voltage. A quick-and-dirty test is in order to get some first-pass numbers… and I have bags of nominally identical red and amber LEDs.
Applying a fixed voltage that produces 20 mA through 14 randomly chosen LEDs of each color, then measuring the voltage across each diode:
LED
Red V
Amber V
1
1.895
1.939
2
1.893
1.921
3
1.903
1.918
4
1.895
1.921
5
1.891
1.918
6
1.935
1.906
7
1.891
1.926
8
1.904
1.930
9
1.901
1.923
10
1.894
1.927
11
1.901
1.914
12
1.894
1.939
13
1.901
1.933
14
1.903
1.925
Minimum
1.891
1.906
Average
1.900
1.924
Maximum
1.935
1.939
Pushing 20 mA through the five lowest voltage red LEDs requires 9.54 V. Applying that voltage to the five highest red LEDs produces 18.2 mA.
Putting those two strings-of-five in parallel with 9.52 V produces 40 mA total: 16.6 mA in the low string and 19.9 mA in the high string, all measured with a fancy Tek Hall effect probe. No, those aren’t reversed and, yes, I did check twice: it makes no sense at all.
Temperature matters a lot in such measurements and I wasn’t controlling for that, plus I didn’t have a constant-current supply. Better numbers await better instrumentation, but I think binning a couple bags of 100 LEDs based on forward current should be straightforward.
After I get the next GPS+voice interface running on the (yet-to-be-bought) Wouxun KG-UV3D radio, a pair of reasonably new 1A17KG-3 7.4 V 1.7 A·h lithium battery packs will be floating around with nothing to do; the GPS interface connects an external battery to the radio, so there’s no need for the OEM battery.
Before doing anything else, it’d be useful to know the actual capacity. The pack has flush terminals, so I snipped off two lengths of shield braid, jammed a wire into each one, and taped them in place:
Battery pack – braid contacts
That obviously wasn’t going to last, so I added some closed-cell foam:
Battery pack – foam compression
And then, ever so gently, crunched a clamp around the whole mess:
Battery Pack – clamped contacts
Crude, but workable, although the ragged start to the test showed I was too gentle. Another click of the clamp and everything settled down just fine:
Wouxun Pack
In round numbers, the pack delivers 1.6 A·h down to 7.0 V and then falls off very rapidly to the 6.0 V that ended the test.
A string of three red / amber LEDs adds up to 3×1.9 = 5.7 V. A dumb DC blinky light running from 7.4 V has 77% efficiency, which isn’t all that bad, and 70% at the start. A current-regulating switcher might give 85% to 90% at the cost of considerable circuit complexity and wouldn’t be feasible for four independent blinky channels.
The starting voltage, fresh from the charger, is just shy of 8.5 V, which is why I figured I could get away with 9 V from the external pack through the GPS interface. So far, so good.
Obviously, if those packs are to be useful, I must conjure up a better battery holder. Having already designed a battery-shaped case for the GPS interface, it should be easy enough to build a radio-shaped mount for the pack.
The Y axis on my Sherline CNC mill has developed about 8 mils of backlash, a bit more than seems reasonable. Some poking around shows that the anti-backlash nut is loose while in the middle of the leadscrew and snug while at either end, which suggests the leadscrew thread is also worn. That’s no surprise, as I didn’t figure out that having a bellows over the leadscrew was a Good Thing until, let us say, considerably later than I should.
If I must replace the leadscrew, I may as well take the whole XY assembly apart, clean everything, and replace the consumables. So I ordered a sack o’ parts from Sherline; they’re all cheap and readily available. The overall index has the exploded diagrams and the parts list for my mill boiled down to:
54161 Y axis leadscrew (9 inch)
50140 Y axis anti-backlash nut
50200 Y axis nut
50171 X axis leadscrew
50130 X axis anti-backlash nut
40890 X axis nut
50150 anti-backlash lock
The only gotcha: nowhere (that I can find, anyway) is it written how to get the leadscrew nuts out of the stage. It turns out that the holes through the stage aren’t uniform: the X narrower on the right and the Y on the front, so you must drive the X axis nut out to the left and the Y axis nut out to the rear. The counterbore is visible just behind the anti-backlash nut if you know what to look for, so you’re driving the axis nut away from the backlash nut.
On the X axis:
X axis leadscrew hole counterbore
On the Y axis:
Y axis leadscrew hole counterbore
Trust me on this: you cannot drive a 5/16 inch nut through a 19/64 inch counterbore. If you have a 19/64 inch transfer punch, that’s a dandy way to get the nuts out.
The easiest way to loosen the socket head cap screw holding the flex coupling to the leadscrew is to grab the coupling in a lathe chuck (with the leadscrew protruding into the headstock) and then apply the hex key:
Loosening leadscrew bolt
They used red (high-strength) Loctite on all the leadscrew bolts, as well as on the tapered joint between the leadscrew and the flex coupling, and on the bearing preload nut… so I will, too.
This case has a few refinements beyond that one, but it’s recognizably a descendant. The main changes:
The HT cable port on the side has a nice polygonal roof to reduce overhang
The serial connector sits in a recess to allow a thicker top plate
Smaller opening for the LEDs; I’ll get a window in this one, fer shure, yeah
4-40 screws hold the base plate on; setscrews may work and look better
Looks like I’ll be using blue filament for this version, having just discovered the last of the weird colors in the bottom of the 5 gallon bucket serving as a storage bin.
A view from the top:
Solid Model – Oblique Exploded Top
And from the base:
Solid Model – Oblique Exploded Base
The OpenSCAD source code:
// Wouxun KB-UV3D Battery Pack Case
// Ed Nisley KE4ZNU July 2012
include </home/ed/Thing-O-Matic/lib/MCAD/units.scad>
include </home/ed/Thing-O-Matic/Useful Sizes.scad>
// Layout options
Layout = "Show";
// Overall layout: Fit Show
// Printing plates: Build1 .. Buildn (see bottom!)
// Parts: TT3 Audio DSub Shell Base Top
// Shapes: RadioBase Contact
// Speaker-mic mount: PlugPlate
ShowGap = 10; // spacing between parts in Show layout
//- Extrusion parameters must match reality!
// Print with +1 shells and 3 solid layers
ThreadThick = 0.25;
ThreadWidth = 2.0 * ThreadThick;
HoleWindage = 0.2;
function IntegerMultiple(Size,Unit) = Unit * ceil(Size / Unit);
Protrusion = 0.1; // make holes end cleanly
//----------------------
// Dimensions
CaseOverallHeight = 31.5; // from battery surface, must clear PCBs!
CaseOverallWidth = 56;
CaseOverallLength = 80.25; // inside of base to end of compartment
BatteryClearance = 1.5; // contact seal height = air gap to compartment
// Interface to radio battery contacts
// Length = shell length
// calculated after everything else, so as to fill the compartment
ContactDia = 6.0; // use rounded contact for simplicity
ContactRecess = IntegerMultiple(0.75,ThreadThick); // recess for contact plate
ContactGapX = 10.5; // X space between contacts
Contact1Y = 52.5; // offset from base to edge of contact
Contact2Y = 56.5;
ContactStudDia = Clear4_40;
ContactStudHead = IntegerMultiple(Head4_40,ThreadWidth);
ContactStudHeadThick = Head4_40Thick;
PlateWidthMin = 53.0;
PlateWidthMax = 54.5;
PlateThick = IntegerMultiple(ContactRecess + ContactStudHeadThick,ThreadThick);
PlateAngle = atan(PlateThick/(PlateWidthMax/2 - PlateWidthMin/2));
echo("Battery plate thick: ",PlateThick);
// Offsets from battery surface to PCB centerlines
// TT3 must be above HT back shell for DB9 clearance
// These must cooperate with the numbers in the case shell module
TT3Offset = 17.5 + PlateThick;
AudioOffset = 4.0 + PlateThick;
// Plate interface to base alignment holes and notches
BaseWidthInner = PlateWidthMin;
BaseWidthOuter = CaseOverallWidth;
BaseLength = CaseOverallHeight; // perpendicular to battery surface
BaseThick = IntegerMultiple(1.0,ThreadThick); // minimum sheet thickness below teeth
BaseWidthTaper = 5.0; // ramp across entire width
BaseOpeningMax = 43.0;
BaseOpeningMin = 33.0;
BaseOpeningY = 5.3;
BaseOpeningDepth = IntegerMultiple(2.25,ThreadThick);
BaseTotalThick = BaseThick + BaseOpeningDepth;
echo("Base min thick: ",BaseThick," total: " ,BaseTotalThick);
BaseTabWidth = 6.0;
BaseTabThick = 2.0;
BaseTabGap = 7.0;
BaseTabOC = BaseTabWidth + BaseTabGap;
BaseToothSection = 3*BaseTabWidth + 2*BaseTabGap;
BaseToothBase = 5.8;
BaseToothTip = 2.8;
BaseToothThick = 2.0;
BaseToothAngle = atan(BaseOpeningDepth/0.6);
BaseToothOC = BaseTabOC;
WedgeAngle = atan(BaseWidthTaper/((BaseWidthOuter - BaseWidthInner)/2));
BaseEndLip = ThreadThick; // should be 0.25 mm or so
BaseEndWidth = (PlateWidthMin - 3*BaseToothBase - 2*BaseToothTip)/2;
BaseEndAngle = atan((BaseOpeningDepth - BaseEndLip)/BaseOpeningY);
SwitchBody = [8.6,3.7,3.3]; // mode switch
// Plate interface to HT battery latch, cables, and connectors
TopThick = IntegerMultiple(5.5,ThreadThick); // plate thickness for stiffness behind latch bar
echo("Top plate thick: ",TopThick);
DB9Recess = TopThick - 4.0; // recess to max TT3 PCB clearance behind DB9 plate
TabEngageLength = 1.6; // tab engaging surface length
TabWidth = 3.0; // ... width
TabEngageHeight = 4.5; // ... above battery compartment floor
TabHeight = 7.5; // tab ramp top above battery compartment floor
TabOC = 40.0;
LatchBarWidth = 3.4; // sliding latch mechanism (brass L stock)
LatchBarDepth = 3.4;
LatchBarThick = 0.35;
echo(" ... minimum: ",TopThick - LatchBarDepth);
SplitOffset = TT3Offset - 3.5;
TopBevel = 1.0; // bevel at top of battery compartment
TopBevelAngle = 45;
PinOffsetWidth = 2.5; // choose to center in sides of case shell
PinOffsetHeight = 13.5; // above baseplate bottom
PinDepth = 7.0; // into case shell
PinDia = 1.2;
ShellLength = CaseOverallLength - BaseThick - TopThick;
echo("Shell length: ",ShellLength);
// Speaker-mic plug plate
PlugBaseThick = 2.5; // recess depth
PlugFillThick = 3.0; // outer plate thickness
//----------------------
// Useful routines
module PolyCyl(Dia,Height,ForceSides=0) { // based on nophead's polyholes
Sides = (ForceSides != 0) ? ForceSides : (ceil(Dia) + 2);
FixDia = Dia / cos(180/Sides);
cylinder(r=(FixDia + HoleWindage)/2,
h=Height,
$fn=Sides);
}
module ShowPegGrid(Space = 10.0,Size = 1.0) {
Range = floor(50 / Space);
for (x=[-Range:Range])
for (y=[-Range:Range])
translate([x*Space,y*Space,Size/2])
%cube(Size,center=true);
}
//-------------------
// Component parts
//-----
// TinyTrak3+ PCB and component envelope
// Some dimensions should feed into the case shell, but don't
module TinyTrak3(Length = 1.0) {
PCBThick = 1.6;
PCBWide = 36.5;
TopHigh = 9.5;
TopWide = PCBWide - 1.5;
BotHigh = 2.5;
BotWide = 35.0;
PCBx = PCBWide/2;
PCBy = (PCBThick + HoleWindage)/2;
URx = TopWide/2;
URy = PCBy + TopHigh;
LRx = BotWide/2;
LRy = PCBy + BotHigh;
linear_extrude(height=Length,center=false,convexity=2) {
polygon(points=[[URx,URy],[URx,PCBy],[PCBx,PCBy],[PCBx,-PCBy],[LRx,-PCBy],[LRx,-LRy],
[-LRx,-LRy],[-LRx,-PCBy],[-PCBx,-PCBy],[-PCBx,PCBy],[-URx,PCBy],[-URx,URy]
]);
}
}
//-----
// Interface PCB and component envelope
// Some dimensions should feed into the case shell, but don't
module AudioInterface(Length = 1.0) {
PCBThick = 2.0;
PCBWide = 49.5;
TopHigh = 9.0 + Protrusion;
TopWide = 46.0;
BotHigh = 3.0;
BotWide = 44.0;
PCBx = PCBWide/2;
PCBy = (PCBThick + HoleWindage)/2;
URx = TopWide/2;
URy = PCBy + TopHigh;
LRx = BotWide/2;
LRy = PCBy + BotHigh;
linear_extrude(height=Length,center=false,convexity=2) {
polygon(points=[[URx,URy],[URx,PCBy],[PCBx,PCBy],[PCBx,-PCBy],[LRx,-PCBy],[LRx,-LRy],
[-LRx,-LRy],[-LRx,-PCBy],[-PCBx,-PCBy],[-PCBx,PCBy],[-URx,PCBy],[-URx,URy]
]);
}
}
//-----
// DB-9 (DE-9) panel opening
// http://www.interfacebus.com/Connector_D-Sub_Mechanical_Dimensions.html
// DB-9 shell mounts on outside surface of case
// This is for the solder terminal side
module DSubMin9(Length = 1.0) {
Holex = 0.984/2 * inch;
HoleDia = Tap4_40;
URx = 0.769/2 * inch;
URy = 0.432/2 * inch;
linear_extrude(height=Length,center=false,convexity=3) {
polygon(points=[[URx,URy],[URx,-URy],[-URx,-URy],[-URx,URy]]);
for (x = [-1,1]) {
translate([x*Holex,0,0])
rotate(45) circle(r=(HoleDia + HoleWindage)/2,$fn=4);
}
}
}
//-----
// Central case shape
// This *should* depend directly on the circuit board sizes, but doesn't
// The "Offset" parameters attempt to bottle up all the board sizes
// Support in LED window must be hand-fit to work correctly... and isn't needed!
module CaseShell(Length=(ShellLength),Holes="true") {
// Polygon coordinates are in XY plane
URx = 40.0/2;
URy = CaseOverallHeight;
MRx = CaseOverallWidth/2;
MRy = 15.0;
LRx = CaseOverallWidth/2;
LRy = (LRx - PlateWidthMin/2)*tan(PlateAngle);
BRx = PlateWidthMax/2;
BRy = PlateThick - 0*Protrusion;
PRx = PlateWidthMin/2; // combined battery plate
PRy = 0;
ScrewOffset = 20.0; // from top end of case
LEDWindow = [26.0,5.0,6]; // with case aligned vertically
LEDOffset = [15,URy,(Length + TopThick - 25.0)];
TrimPot1 = [-14,TT3Offset,(Length + TopThick - 30)];
TrimPot2 = [-14,TT3Offset,(Length + TopThick - 37.5)];
HTCableDia = 3.5;
HTCableOffset = AudioOffset + HTCableDia/2 + 1.0;
rotate([90,0,180])
union() {
difference() {
linear_extrude(height=Length,center=false,convexity=5)
polygon(points=[[URx,URy],[MRx,MRy],[LRx,LRy],[BRx,BRy],[PRx,PRy],
[-PRx,PRy],[-BRx,BRy],[-LRx,LRy],[-MRx,MRy],[-URx,URy]]);
if (Holes) {
translate([0,AudioOffset,-Protrusion])
AudioInterface(Length + 2*Protrusion);
translate([0,TT3Offset,-Protrusion])
TinyTrak3(Length + 2*Protrusion);
for (y = [TT3Offset,AudioOffset])
translate([-CaseOverallWidth,y,(Length - ScrewOffset)])
rotate([0,90,0])
rotate(0) // Z rotation puts point upward for printing
PolyCyl(Tap4_40,CaseOverallWidth);
translate(LEDOffset)
rotate([90,90,0])
translate([-LEDWindow[0]/2,-LEDWindow[1]/2,-Protrusion])
cube(LEDWindow,center=false);
for (p = [TrimPot1,TrimPot2])
translate(p)
rotate([-90,90,0]) // Y rotation puts point upward for printing
PolyCyl(3.0,URy);
for (x=[-1,1]) {
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - PinOffsetWidth),
PinOffsetHeight,
(Length - PinDepth)])
rotate(45) // align hole sides with case sides
PolyCyl(PinDia,2*TopThick);
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - PinOffsetWidth),
PinOffsetHeight,
-PlateThick])
rotate(45) // align hole sides with case sides
PolyCyl(PinDia,(PlateThick + PinDepth));
}
for (x=[-1,1]) // setscrews to secure base plate
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - 3*Tap4_40),
TT3Offset,-Protrusion])
rotate(360/(5*4))
PolyCyl(Tap4_40,2*TopThick);
translate([-(ContactGapX/2 + ContactDia/2),0,(Contact1Y + ContactDia/2)])
rotate([90,0,0])
Contact();
translate([+(ContactGapX/2 + ContactDia/2),0,(Contact2Y + ContactDia/2)])
rotate([90,0,0])
Contact();
translate([CaseOverallWidth/2,HTCableOffset,(Length - HTCableDia/4)])
rotate([0,90,0])
cube([(HTCableDia/2 + Protrusion),HTCableDia,CaseOverallWidth],center=true);
translate([0,HTCableOffset,(Length - HTCableDia/2)])
rotate([0,90,0])
cylinder(r=(1/cos(30))*HTCableDia/2,h=CaseOverallWidth,$fn=6);
}
}
if (false)
if (Holes)
translate(LEDOffset) // support plug in LED window
rotate([90,90,0])
translate([-0.95*LEDWindow[0]/2,-0.80*LEDWindow[1]/2,ThreadWidth/2])
cube([0.95*LEDWindow[0],0.80*LEDWindow[1],2*ThreadWidth],center=false);
}
}
//-----
// Battery contact recess
// This gets subtracted from the bottom plate in two places
// Align points to print upward
module Contact() {
if (true)
union() { // vertical printing with case
translate([0,0,-(ContactRecess + Protrusion)/2])
PolyCyl(ContactDia,(ContactRecess + Protrusion),8);
translate([0,0,-(PlateThick + Protrusion)])
rotate(60/2)
PolyCyl(ContactStudDia,PlateThick,6);
translate([0,0,-(ContactRecess + ContactStudHeadThick/3)])
PolyCyl(ContactStudHead,ContactStudHeadThick,8); // allow for solder blob
}
else
union() { // horizontal printing alone
translate([0,0,-(ContactRecess - Protrusion)/2])
PolyCyl(ContactDia,(ContactRecess + Protrusion),8);
translate([0,0,-(PlateThick + Protrusion)])
PolyCyl(ContactStudDia,(PlateThick + 2*Protrusion));
translate([0,0,-(ContactRecess + ContactStudHeadThick/3)])
PolyCyl(ContactStudHead,ContactStudHeadThick,8); // allow for solder blob
}
}
//-----
// Radio bottom locating feature
// This polygon gets subtracted from the battery pack base
module RadioBase() {
linear_extrude(height=(BaseOpeningDepth + Protrusion),center=false,convexity=5)
polygon(points=[
[-BaseOpeningMax/2,-Protrusion],
[-BaseOpeningMin/2,BaseOpeningY],
[-(BaseToothOC/2 + BaseToothBase/2),BaseOpeningY],
[-(BaseToothOC/2 + BaseToothTip/2),(BaseOpeningY - BaseToothThick)],
[-(BaseToothOC/2 - BaseToothTip/2),(BaseOpeningY - BaseToothThick)],
[-(BaseToothOC/2 - BaseToothBase/2),BaseOpeningY],
[ (BaseToothOC/2 - BaseToothBase/2),BaseOpeningY],
[ (BaseToothOC/2 - BaseToothTip/2),(BaseOpeningY - BaseToothThick)],
[ (BaseToothOC/2 + BaseToothTip/2),(BaseOpeningY - BaseToothThick)],
[ (BaseToothOC/2 + BaseToothBase/2),BaseOpeningY],
[ BaseOpeningMin/2,BaseOpeningY],
[ BaseOpeningMax/2,-Protrusion],
[ (BaseTabOC + BaseTabWidth/2),-Protrusion],
[ (BaseTabOC + BaseTabWidth/2),BaseTabThick],
[ (BaseTabOC - BaseTabWidth/2),BaseTabThick],
[ (BaseTabOC - BaseTabWidth/2),-Protrusion],
[ BaseTabWidth/2,-Protrusion],
[ BaseTabWidth/2,BaseTabThick],
[-BaseTabWidth/2,BaseTabThick],
[-BaseTabWidth/2,-Protrusion],
[-(BaseTabOC + BaseTabWidth/2),-Protrusion],
[-(BaseTabOC + BaseTabWidth/2),BaseTabThick],
[-(BaseTabOC - BaseTabWidth/2),BaseTabThick],
[-(BaseTabOC - BaseTabWidth/2),-Protrusion],
],
convexity=5
);
}
//-----
// Battery pack base
module Base() {
difference() {
rotate([-90,180,0]) // main case shape
CaseShell(BaseTotalThick,false);
translate([0,0,BaseThick]) // radio base interface
RadioBase();
translate([0,0,BaseThick]) // tooth bevel
rotate([(-90 + BaseToothAngle),0,0])
translate([0,-0.5,0])
cube([(BaseToothSection + 2*Protrusion),1.0,10],center=true);
translate([-BaseWidthOuter, // surface slope
-(BaseThick + BaseEndLip)/tan(BaseEndAngle),0])
rotate([BaseEndAngle,0,0])
difference() {
cube([2*BaseWidthOuter,3*BaseOpeningY,BaseOpeningDepth],center=false);
translate([(BaseWidthOuter - (BaseToothSection + 2*Protrusion)/2),0,0])
cube([(BaseToothSection + 2*Protrusion),1.2*BaseOpeningY,BaseOpeningDepth],center=false);
}
for (x=[-1,1]) // alignment pin holes
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - PinOffsetWidth),PinOffsetHeight,-Protrusion])
rotate(45) // align hole side with plate side
PolyCyl(PinDia,2*TopThick);
for (x=[-1,1]) // mounting setscews
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - 3*Tap4_40),
TT3Offset,-Protrusion])
rotate(-360/(-5*4))
PolyCyl(Tap4_40,2*TopThick);
translate([(-SwitchBody[0]/2),TT3Offset,-SwitchBody[2]/2]) // mode switch
scale([1,1,2])
cube(SwitchBody);
}
}
//-----
// Top plate with latch
// Split around TinyTrak3 serial connector
// ... which must be at the same height as in the shell!
// The cable hole sizes & locations are entirely ad-hoc
module TopPlate() {
Cable1Dia = 5.0;
Cable2Dia = 5.0;
CableHoleLength = TopThick + 2*Protrusion;
CableHoleZ = -Protrusion;
DB9Plate = [32.0,13.5,1.25]; // plate surrounding connector body
difference() {
rotate([-90,180,180])
CaseShell(TopThick,false);
translate([0,-TT3Offset,-Protrusion])
DSubMin9(TopThick + 2*Protrusion);
translate([0,-TT3Offset,(TopThick - DB9Plate[2]/2)])
cube([DB9Plate[0],DB9Plate[1],(DB9Plate[2] + Protrusion)],center=true);
translate([-CaseOverallWidth,-SplitOffset,-2*Protrusion]) // split the plate
cube([2*CaseOverallWidth,4*Protrusion,(TopThick + 2*Protrusion)]);
translate([0,0,(TopThick - TopBevel)])
rotate([-TopBevelAngle,0,0])
translate([-CaseOverallWidth,-TopThick,0])
cube([2*CaseOverallWidth,2*TopThick,2*TopThick],center=false);
for (x=[-1,1])
translate([(x*TabOC/2),
(-TabHeight/2 + Protrusion),
(TopThick - TabEngageLength/2 + Protrusion/2)])
rotate([90,0,0])
cube([TabWidth,
(TabEngageLength + Protrusion),
(TabHeight + Protrusion)],center=true);
translate([-CaseOverallWidth,
-(TabEngageHeight + LatchBarWidth - BatteryClearance),
(TopThick - LatchBarDepth)])
cube([2*CaseOverallWidth,(LatchBarWidth + LatchBarThick),(LatchBarDepth + Protrusion)]);
for (x=[-1,1])
translate([(x*CaseOverallWidth/4),
-(TabEngageHeight + LatchBarWidth + Clear2_56/2 - BatteryClearance + Protrusion),
0]) {
translate([0,0,-Protrusion])
rotate(45) // align sides with slot
PolyCyl(Tap2_56,(TopThick + 2*Protrusion));
translate([0,0,(TopThick - LatchBarDepth)])
rotate(60) // align sides with slot
PolyCyl((Head2_56 + Protrusion),TopThick,6); // extra extra clearance
}
for (x=[-1,1])
translate([x*(CaseOverallWidth/2 - PinOffsetWidth),-PinOffsetHeight,-Protrusion])
rotate(45) // align hole side with plate side
PolyCyl(PinDia,2*TopThick);
for (x=[-1,1]) // coincidentally line up with latch tabs
translate([(x*TabOC/2),-(SplitOffset - 3.0),-Protrusion])
scale([1,1.7,1])
PolyCyl(Cable1Dia,CableHoleLength,6);
}
}
//-----
// Speaker-Mic plug mounting plate
module PlugPlate() {
JackOC = 11.20; // 14.25 OD - (3.58 + 2.58)/2
JackScrewDia = 4.6;
JackScrewOffsetX = 1.00;
JackScrewOffsetY = 5.25; // mounting screw to edge of lower recess
PlugBaseWidth = 9.25; // lower section of plate
PlugBaseLength = 22.0;
PlugBaseRadius = 1.75;
Plug3Offset = 5.25; // edge of base recess to 3.5 mm jack
Plug2BezelDia = 7.1; // 2.5 mm plug
Plug2BezelThick = 1.04;
Plug2ScrewDia = 6.0;
Plug3ScrewLength = 3.0;
Plug3BezelDia = 8.13; // 3.5 mm plug
Plug3BezelThick = 1.6;
Plug3ScrewDia = 7.95;
Plug3ScrewLength = 4.0;
PlugFillOffsetX = JackScrewOffsetX - 0.5; // base recess CL to fill CL
PlugFillOffsetY = -10.5; // ... to edge of fill plate
PlugFillWidth = 11.0;
PlugFillLength = 34.00;
PlugFillRadius1 = 1.5;
PlugFillRadius2 = 4.5;
PlugFillOffsetYTotal = 0;
BaseX = PlugBaseWidth/2 - PlugBaseRadius;
BaseY = PlugBaseLength/2 - PlugBaseRadius;
difference() {
union() {
linear_extrude(height=PlugBaseThick,center=false,convexity=3)
hull() {
translate([-BaseX,-BaseY,0])
circle(r=PlugBaseRadius,$fn=8);
translate([-BaseX, BaseY,0])
circle(r=PlugBaseRadius,$fn=8);
translate([ BaseX, BaseY,0])
circle(r=PlugBaseRadius,$fn=8);
translate([ BaseX,-BaseY,0])
circle(r=PlugBaseRadius,$fn=8);
}
translate([PlugFillOffsetX,
(PlugFillLength/2 - PlugBaseLength/2 + PlugFillOffsetY),
PlugBaseThick])
linear_extrude(height=PlugFillThick,center=false,convexity=5)
hull() {
translate([0,-(PlugFillLength/2 - PlugFillRadius2),0])
circle(r=PlugFillRadius2,$fn=10);
translate([-(PlugFillWidth/2 - PlugFillRadius1),-PlugBaseLength/2,0])
circle(r=PlugFillRadius1,$fn=8);
translate([-(PlugFillWidth/2 - PlugFillRadius1),
(PlugFillLength/2 - PlugFillRadius1),0])
circle(r=PlugFillRadius1,$fn=8);
translate([(PlugFillWidth/2 - PlugFillRadius1),
(PlugFillLength/2 - PlugFillRadius1),0])
circle(r=PlugFillRadius1,$fn=8);
translate([(PlugFillWidth/2 - PlugFillRadius1),-PlugBaseLength/2,0])
circle(r=PlugFillRadius1,$fn=8);
}
}
translate([0,-JackOC/2,-Protrusion])
rotate(360/16) {
PolyCyl(Plug3BezelDia,(Plug3BezelThick + Protrusion),8);
PolyCyl(Plug3ScrewDia,(PlugBaseThick + PlugFillThick + 2*Protrusion),8);
}
translate([0,+JackOC/2,-Protrusion])
rotate(360/16) {
PolyCyl(Plug2BezelDia,(Plug2BezelThick + Protrusion),8);
PolyCyl(Plug2ScrewDia,(PlugBaseThick + PlugFillThick + 2*Protrusion),8);
}
translate([JackScrewOffsetX,-(PlugBaseLength/2 + JackScrewOffsetY),0])
PolyCyl(JackScrewDia,(PlugBaseThick + PlugFillThick + Protrusion));
}
}
//-------------------
// Build things...
ShowPegGrid();
if (Layout == "TT3")
TinyTrak3();
if (Layout == "Audio")
AudioInterface();
if (Layout == "DSub")
DSubMin9();
if (Layout == "Shell")
CaseShell(CaseOverallLength);
if (Layout == "Top")
TopPlate();
if (Layout == "Base")
Base();
if (Layout == "RadioBase")
RadioBase();
if (Layout == "PlugPlate")
PlugPlate();
if (Layout == "Contact")
rotate([180,0,0])
Contact();
if (Layout == "Show" || Layout == "Fit") {
translate([0,-ShellLength/2,0]) {
translate([0,(Layout == "Show")?-ShowGap:0,0])
rotate([90,0,0])
color("SandyBrown") Base();
translate([0,0,0])
color("LightGreen") render() CaseShell();
translate([-(CaseOverallWidth/2 + 10),50,CaseOverallHeight/2])
rotate([0,-90,0])
color("Gold") PlugPlate();
translate([0,((Layout == "Show")?(ShellLength + ShowGap):ShellLength),0])
rotate([-90,0,0])
color("BurlyWood") TopPlate();
}
}
if (Layout == "Build1") {
translate([5 + CaseOverallHeight,0,0])
rotate([0,0,90])
Base();
translate([-(5 + CaseOverallHeight),0,0])
rotate(90)
TopPlate();
}
if (Layout == "Build2") {
translate([0,-CaseOverallHeight/2,ShellLength])
rotate([-90,0,0])
CaseShell();
}
if (Layout == "Build3") {
translate([0,0,(PlugBaseThick + PlugFillThick)])
rotate([180,0,0])
PlugPlate();
}
U2, the MAX4544 data/voice mux, runs from the shunt-regulated +5 V, not the TT3+ regulator
Miscellaneous doc cleanup
I’m mulling over a capacitor between the TT3+ data output and the earbud, so as to monitor transmissions, but I’m not convinced that’s worthwhile.
The PCB layout, with wire jumpers on the two inner layers:
Wouxun KG-UV3D GPS+Voice PCB
The previous version doesn’t look much different from what this one will become:
GPS-HT Wouxun interface – brassboard
This will replace the ICOM Z-1A radio and GPS interface on Mary’s bike, which has been working fine for quite a while. That can’t last, so I’m trying to get ahead of the failure curve…
The flash mob was here and gone within the span of an hour:
View spike for Moen faucet post – 2012-04-05
Does Yahoo! Image Search have something like a featured image of the hour? I can’t find anything obvious, but I cannot imagine what else would cause that many views of a single page that lacks buck-naked celebrities, jackass stunts, or hideously embarrassing personal revelations.
Given that all of their “trending image searches” show (typically female) human faces, I doubt that the grubby innards of a faucet would appear in that gallery.
The Smell of Molten Projects in the Morning 